Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx

Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.

1. Production Technology of Lima Bean, Jack Bean, Broad bean and Unuculus tuberosus Submitted by: Janaharshini R 2022534002 Department of Vegetable Science TNAU- CBE

2. BROAD BEAN Vicia faba

3. BROAD BEAN Botanical Name: Vicia faba Centre of origin : North Africa and South Capsian Sea Chromosome Number: 2n=12,14 Family: Fabaceae Other Names: Faba bean, Horse bean Grown in Localized areas in India and widely cultivated in Latin America. Grown on small scale in Utter Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Kashmir, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Only bean grown as winter crop

4. BOTANY AND USES Plants - square and erect growing stems which grows up to 30cm (dwarf varieties) to 100 cm (tall varieties) . Clusters of white black branched flowers arise in the axils of the leaves. Pollination : Insects Dancing style Stigma present The pods are borne upright in clusters of 3-5 or more fleshy beans. Broad bean is used as green, shelled and dry beans and as a feed for livestock. The pollen grains and green pods cause allergy to some people which is known as favism ( Haemolytic anaemia )

5. BOTANY

6. Present day varieties of broad bean can be divided into four main groups: 1 ) Broad bean ( Vicia faba var.   f aba   ) - Eaten as a vegetable. 2) Horse bean ( Vicia faba var.   e quina )- Grown for animal feed 3) Tic bean ( Vicia faba var. m inor ) 4) Vicia faba var .  Paucijuga - Similar to Tic bean and grown in central Asia IMPORTANT SPECIES Large-seeded type - Vicia faba var. major S mall-seeded types - Vicia faba var. equina , Vicia faba var. minor.

7. DO YOU KNOW? Vicine and Covicine – Compounds cause health issues in Favism . People with favism , an inherited enzymatic deficiency – Glucose 6 – Phosphate dehydrogenase , consuming vicine leads to oxidative stress and damage RBC

8. The broad bean has the chromosome number, 2n=12,24 There are 3 types of chromosomes at meiosis, namely A,D and I . A type has 2 chromosomes with a total chromosome length of 21.8 µm D type with 8 chromosomes of 8.4 µm total length. I type having 2 chromosomes with a total length of 7.3 µm. BROAD BEAN A type D type I type CYTOLOGY

9. The International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria has the world collection of broad bean germplasm. The germplasm institute CNR, Bari, Italy and the Ethiopian Genetic Resources centre , Ethiopia also maintain the germplasm of broad bean of the mediterranean regions. GERMPLASM RESOURCES

10. NUTRITIVE VALUE (per 100g of edible portion) Energy (kcal) 48 Thiamin (mg) 0.08 Moisture (%) 85.4 Niacin (mg) 0.8 Protein (g) 4.5 Ascorbic acid (mg) 12 Fat (g) 0.1 Calcium (mg) 50 Carbohydrate (g) 7.2 Phosphorus (mg) 64 Vitamin-A (IU) 15 Iron (mg) 1.4

11. VARIETIES SWS-1 ( Suttan White Seeded) BR-1 (Bihar Black Seeded) BR-2 (Bihar Yellow Seeded) Jawahar Viva 73-81 – Dormant type from MP Swarna Safal Pusa Udit Extra long, flattish and light green pods Dual Purpose Variety – tender and dried seeds edible. Suitable for Packaging and Transporting Yield – 17.63 t/ha -88.52% higher than Pusa Sumeet Pusa Sumeet Plants are 75 cm tall having on an average 5-7 branches/plant. A plant bears about 100pods. The pod length and thickness is 6.0cm and 1.3cm, respectively. It has attractive dark green pods and borne in cluster. The average yield potential is 180q/ha. White seeded Var - Less Soft Green Seeded Var - Soft and suitable for Freezing

12. VARIETIES No more improved varieties available in India , but several exotic varieties are introduced from abroad. VARIETIES Long Poded type Windsor type Aquadule Claudin , Imperial White long pod, Masterpiece long pod, Imperial green long pod, Red Epicure Imperial White Windsor, Gaint Four seeded Green Windsor, Imperial Green Windsor

13. VARIETIES (Cont.) Aquadulce claudia – Overwintering variety and best for autumn sowing Crimson flowered - Red flowered and ideal edible ornamental The Sutton – Dwarf (30 cm) – Perfect for pots De Monica – Early maturing and best for spring sowing Masterpiece Green long pod- expect upto 7 beans per pod Trois fois blance – Very hardy Red epicure – bright red seeds Sutton Red epicure

14. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Hardy plant. Grown mainly at higher altitudes where the climate is relatively cool. Only bean, which can withstand cold (up to 4 o C), therefore, it is grown as WINTER CROP. Crop is tolerant to water stress due to protein accumulation.

15. SOIL REQUIREMENT Well drained loamy soil with pH of 5.5 to 6.0. Acidic soils are not good for broad bean. It can tolerate salinity up to some extent . Land should be prepared thoroughly by giving repeated ploughings to get fine tilth .

16. SEED RATE AND SOWING Seed Rate – 70-100 Kg/ha Sowing is done in the month of September-October and February-March . The seeds are sown in shallow furrows of 15cm width with a spacing of 75cm. In each furrow, two rows of seeds are sown at a spacing of 25cm in a zigzag manner along the furrows. It can be sown in a single row system with spacing of 45x15cm.

17. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT 10 t /ha – FYM NPK – 20:50:40 Kg/ha Entire P ,K and half dose of N are applied at the time of field Preparation Remaining half dose of N is applied as topdressing at flowering stage.

18. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR PCPA @ 2 ppm α – naphthyl acetomide @ 2-25 ppm β- napthoxy acetic acid @ 5-25 ppm Sprayed at Prevailing temperature or pods normally not set – Induce fruit set

19. IRRIGATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICES Irrigation: On the day of planting  3 days after (light irrigation) regular interval of 12-15days( light irrigation) Hand weeding and hoeing Earthing up – 45 DAS Top Pinched off soon after flowering – Pods to develop early.

20. Broad bean plants are bush-like but can grow quite tall and will benefit from staking to provide some support and keep them from flopping over due to the weight of the pods. The plants of tall varieties may be staked with bamboo pol. STAKING

21. HARVEST AND YIELD Ready for harvesting in 3-4months for spring sowing and 6-7 months for autumn sowing. Very young pods are preferred by most people. The beans are harvested at the green shell stage as needed for home use or for market and those remaining on the plant are used as dry shell beans. A pod yield of 7-10tonnes/ha and green bean yield of 1.8-2.0q /ha is expected. Insect- Aphid and Pod Borer Diseases- Powdery Mildew and Anthracnose

22. Grading : US grades are U.S.Fancy U.S. No. 1 U.S.No . 2 Packaging : Broad beans are usually packaged in cardboard boxes covered with a transparent plastic. The expanded polystyrene packages are usually used for transport, since they keep cold temperatures much better. Some packages are decorated with the leaves of the plant . POST HARVEST

23. JACK BEAN Canavalia ensiformis

24. JACK BEAN Botanical Name : Canvalia ensiformis Family : Fabaceae Origin : Central America and West Indies Edible Part : Pod Chromosome Number: 2n=22 Common Name : Overlock bean, One eye bean (West Indies) Commonly grown for the young pods and immature seeds which is used as food for humans and animals It resembles Sword bean (C. gladiata ) and the predominantly african wild species (C. virosa ) Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics

25. JACK BEAN VS SWORD BEAN

26. JACK BEAN VS SWORD BEAN Jack Bean Sword Bean Canavalia ensiformis Canavalia gladiata Bushy in Nature Climbing in Nature Length of the seed hilum (scar) only about one-third as long as the seed Length of the seed hilum (scar) is more than one half of the length of the seed Seed Colour - White Seed Colour - Red

27. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION Four species are reported from India viz., Canavalia ensiformis Canavalia gladiata Canavalia maritima Canavalia virosa (African Wild species) . Jack bean and Sword bean occur in NE region of India and are being cultivated for edible pods.

28. COMPOSITION AND USES The immature pods and seeds contain about 75.2% water and 6.9% protein. It is also good source of Calcium, Zinc, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper. Tender Pods – Vegetables Young Pods – Pickled Whole Plant, pods and seeds are also used to feed animals Leaves – Green Manure and fodder for animals Useful Cover crop and green manure crop (in Mauritius) – deep root system, N fixer . Intercropped with Bananas, cocoa, Cassava, Citrus, Coconut, Coffee, Maize .

29. USES Helps in treating – Hemarroids , Cancers, Ozena , helps for stronger immune system ( Presence of Trigonelline and Canavanine ) Mature bean – harmful saponins , Cyanogenic glucosides , terpenoids and alkaloids – so cooked before eating. Seeds – Roasted and used as Coffee Substitute Source of enzyme, UREASE – commercially exploited Urea Fertilizer mixture should not be used –Why?

30. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Perennial, herbaceous bushy in nature but strong enough and can withstand stress. Root - well branched into soil depth of 150 cm. Leaves – Cordate , green and large Flowers – Axillary racemes, pink ,mauve or white with red base Plant bears linear pods – upto 36 cm long and contain 1-2 cm long ellipsoid seeds Mature Pods yields 8-20 white seeds

31. CLIMATE AND SOIL Warm season crop Subtropical and mild altitudinal zone of hills is suitable to grow these crop. Typical short day plant – 10-12 hour day length (Short day encourages bush for growth and long day produce vine form growth & flowers as day shorten) Requires Mean temperature- 29-30⁰ C Soil – pH 5-6 preferred Temperature – moderately high over long growing season. Requires adequate soil moisture during early vegetation as well as during flowering

32. CULTIVARS There is no improved cultivar in Jack bean SEED RATE AND SOWING Seed Rate – one or two seeds per pit Planted at 60 x 60 cm Sowing time – May- June and September – October If grown as green manure – BROADCASTED If grown as food crop – seeds should be planted 2-3cm deep, 30-45 cm apart , in rows 60-90 cm apart

33. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS 5 t/ha – FYM NPK – 60:50:50 Kg/ha is applied

34. HARVESTING AND YIELD Flowering and fruiting start from about 70 days after sowing. Immature pods may be harvested 90-120 days after planting. Mature seeds may be harvested 180 -300 days after planting by cutting the whole plant when the pods are brown and dry. About 2- 2.5 Kg pods per plant is obtained from green pods. Pole types gives higher yield than bush types Vegetable Purpose – When pods are tender Delay in harvest – Promote fibre and unfit for consumption.

35. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT Generally, Jack beans will keep indefinitely well when stored in a cool,dry place. Never store dry beans in refrigerator. Jack beans can also be dried and stored.

36. Fruit rot- Fusarium solani Infected pods give the symptoms of decay Sclerotium rolfsii Causes collar rot and Pink rot Problems of some virus borne disease have also been noticed – disease free healthy seeds and crop rotation and spraying Mancozeb @2% may be followed. PLANT PROTECTION Sclerotium rolfsii

37. LIMA BEAN Phaseolus lunatus

38. LIMA BEAN Botanical Name: Phaseolus lunatus Common Name: Butter bean, Madagascar Bean, Double bean, Sieva bean Chromosome Number: 2n=22 Origin: In/ Near Guatemala Compared to other legumes, it is a long duration crop and retained in the field for 9 months. Most important crop in Maharastra Tender Pods and fully matured green beans – Cream colour – edible after cooking

39. IMPORTANCE AND USES Grown as green manure crop , cover crop In USA, dry and fresh lima beans are processed on large scale for canning and freezing. Leaves and stem turned into hay or silage Seeds and leaves have astringent qualities hence used as diet for fever. It is used in Soups, Salad, Stews . South Indian Traditional receipe

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41. BOTANY Perennial, twining vine which goes upto 5 m height Stem is obtuse – pentagonal Leaves are alternate, trifoliate Inflorescence is axillary pseudoracemes -3 to 30 cm long Corolla – White or liliac , pink and bluish Fruit is in the form of half moon, flattened 5-10 cm long Seeds – reniform , flattened, reddish brown with dark spots Morphological Variation in Lima Bean

42. Pole/ Vine Varieties – 10-12 feet , large seeds Also called as Potato Limas Bush Varieites – grow 2 feet tall , smaller seeds and bear more quickly than pole types Also called as Butter beans , Madagascar beans , Carolina beans, baby limas TYPES Wild type – Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Cultivated type – Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus ( Gawande et al., 2018 . )

43. VARIETIES Swarna Poshan - ICAR RCER,Patna AKLB-2 From Dr.PDKV , Akola Early Variety – tender annual Pod length – 7-8 cm

44. 3.KKL-1 (Butter bean) Selection from a type collected from Vilpatti . It is a pole type - 2.42m and bears pods in clusters. The pods are green when immature, turning creamy yellow with brownish purple streaks on the surface at maturity. The seeds are bold, globular, snow white in colour and with excellent cooking quality. The variety is suited for hilly regions of Tamil Nadu from an altitude of 1200m to 2200m above MSL. It yields 3.47 tonnes of ripe pods per hectare in three to four pickings. VARIETIES

45. TYPES: Bush type – Henderson, Eastland, Jackson Wonder ( Seeds brown mottled with purple ), Dixie Butterpea ( Two strains common – red speckled and white seeded ), Fordhook 242, Burpe bush, Baby Potato Semi Pole type – Hopi, Wilbur Pole type – Carolina Seiva , Giant Speckled ( Seeds white mottled with red ), Big 6, Willow Leaf, Mezcla , King of the Garden, Karolina Butter, Challenger, Florida butter VARIETIES

46. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Requires dry cool climate and temperature range of 15°-20°C . Can be grown at altitude higher than 2000m Above 26°C - pollination and fertilization are impaired with the result the pod formation is severally reduced. In plains grown as a winter vegetable while in hills grown during spring and rainy season . Does not tolerate frost . Average rainfall – 900-1500mm is required.

47. SOIL REQUIREMENT Grown on a wide range of soils from tight sandy loams to heavy clays. well drained soil with pH - 6.0-6.5 . Tight soil - stimulate early growth and maturity . Heavy soils - allow the plants to grow profusely SEASON - twice during a year, once during rainy season (June-July) and the second during the spring season.

48. SEED RATE AND SOWING In Maharastra , crop is grown after Sugarcane. After harvest of Sugarcane, land is ploughed to fine tilth and seeds are sown. A seed rate of 20—35kg of small seeded types and 45—50kg of large seeded type will be sufficient for one hectare area. The seeds are sown, eyes down, at a spacing of 60 x 40cm in case of pole and semi-pole types and at 35 x 25cm in case of bush varieties .

49. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Excess application of nitrogen may result in increased foliage growth and delayed fruiting. About 25 tonnes /ha of farmyard manure is applied at the time of final land preparation. A fertilizer dose of 40kg nitrogen, 50kg of phosphorous and 50 kg potassium is applied as basal dressing.

50. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS Light and frequent irrigation should be provided. The soil should not be too wet. Frequent shallow weeding will help the crop to come up rapidly. When plants start vining , they are trained to trellis made with vertical bamboo poles with hortizontals tied at a distance of 45 cm. Height of trellis is upto 150 cm and they are usually erected along the direction of wind.

51. HARVESTING AND YIELD The tender pods become ready for harvest in 85-90 days . Full grown pods are harvested when the colour changes from green to yellow. The fresh seeds can be collected at this stage. Fully matured dried beans can also be used as a vegetable. A yield of 5-10 tonnes of fresh green lima bean pods and 5.4-10 tonnes /ha of fresh green shelled beans can be expected per hectare.

52. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT Storage of fresh beans in CO 2 concentration of 25-35% inhibited fungal and bacterial growth without adversely affecting the quality. Storage temperature of 5-6⁰ C, 95% RH increases shelf life to 5-7 days.

53. PLANT PROTECTION Downy mildew ( Phytophthora phaseoli ) appears as a white downy growth on the pods and leaves. Controlled by spraying 0.2% Dithane M 45.

54. ULLUKU Ullucus tuberosus

55. ULLUKU Botanical Name: Ullucus tuberosus Family : Basellace Chromosome number : 2n=24 Primary – Root Vegetable, Secondary – Leafy Vegetable Other Names : Ulluco – Quechua word – Ulluku Illaco ( Aymara ), Melloco ( Eucador ), Chungua / ruba (Colombia), Olluco (Bolivia and Peru), Ulluma (Argentina) Economically important root crop in Andean region of South America next to Potato Rich in Protein, Calcium and Carotene

56. BOTANY The scrambling herbaceous plant  grows up to 50 cm (20 in) high and forms starchy tubers below ground. These tubers are typically smooth and can be spherical or elongated. Generally they are a similar in size to the potato; however, they have been known to grow up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long Due to the brightly coloured waxy skin in a variety of yellows, pinks and purples, ullucus tubers are regarded as one of the most striking foods in the Andean markets.   Ullucus tuberosus  subsp.  aborigineus , which is considered a wild type. While the domesticated varieties are generally erect and have a diploid genome , the subspecies is generally a trailing vine and has a triploid genome

57. IMPORTANCE AND USES The tubers are usually eaten in  indigenous soups and stews , but more contemporary dishes incorporate them into salads along with the ulluco leaves . The major appeal of ulluco is its crisp texture , which, like the  jicama ( Pachyrhizus erosus ), remains even when cooked. Because of its high water content, ulluco is not suitable for frying or baking, but it can be cooked in many other ways like the potato .

58. In the pickled form, it is added to hot sauces. A typical product is produced by the Quechua and  Aymara  communities in Peru -  chuño  or  lingli is produced via a process involving environmental freezing and drying which is usually then ground into a fine flour and added to cooked foods.  When boiled or broiled the texture and flavor are very similar to the meat of the boiled peanut without the skin. Unlike the peanut meat becoming soft and mushy, ulluco remain firm and almost crunchy. Con Carne Stew

59. NUTRIENT CONTENT (per 100 g portion)

60. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS THAT DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF FARMERS FOR CULTIVARS Sweetness, storage capacity before consumption, mucilage content and yield. Skin color is also a key parameter to consider while assessing the potential of the ulluco culture. Red tuber plants - frost-resistant and yellow tubers – popular in Ecuador Markets. In the New-Zealand market , the preferred skin color was red over plain yellow and mixtures of yellow, green and red.

61. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Prefer cooler climates and will produce better yields in full sun where summer temperatures are relatively cool. Short day plants require around 11-13.5 hours of day length. As the day length shortens, stolons grow out of the stems and then develop into tubers.

62. Ulluco is normally propagated vegetatively by planting small whole tubers . Also propagated by stem or tuber cuttings . PROPAGATION

63. FIELD MANAGEMENT Grown in the highlands and altitudes of up to 4,200 m above sea level. Ulluco crop is alternated with two other Andean tuber crops known as   oca  and  mashua . These different tubers are planted together in relatively small field and harvested after approximately eight months. The different species are then separated following harvest. Oxalis tuberosa Oxalidaceae Tropaeolum tuberosum Tropaeolaceae

64. HARVEST Need to be dug by hand due to their sensitivity to scarring . Scuffing of their skin is likely a problem. Traditional cultivation conditions, yield -5-9t/ha & intensive systems - 40 t/ha. Stored year-round in the Andes Best stored in the dark as exposure to the sun can cause fading of their vibrant colouring . A proportion of the smaller tubers used as seed tubers the following year. The remainder –mostly for consumption.

65. PEST AND DISEASE  It has the potential to be host to viruses such as   Tymovirus . Other viruses of ulluco include the Arracacha virus A, Papaya mosaic virus, Potato leaf roll virus, Potato virus T, Ulluco mild mosaic virus, Ulluco mosaic virus, and Ulluco virus C. The ulluco is susceptible to  Verticillium wilt , a soil organism, at low altitudes and high temperatures . Slugs and snails are common pests, though generally only cause cosmetic damage to the ulluco .

66. REFERENCES Broad Bean https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=101588 https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_vegetables_broadbeans.html Jack Bean https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/full/10.1079/pwkb.species.14486 https://www.feedipedia.org/node/327 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis Lima Bean Textbook of Underutilized Vegetable Crops – Dr.A.K.Pandey – Pg.No-248 to 253 https://www.nal.usda.gov/collections/stories/lima-beans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_bean Ullucus https://www.cultivariable.com/instructions/andean-roots-tubers/how-to-grow-ulluco/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullucus Exotic Vegetables by Dr.A.K.Pandey Textbook of Vegetables, Tubercrops and Spices – ICAR – Dr.Thamburaj