Bronchial asthma

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1. CLINICAL PRESENTATION ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNGS

3. LUNGS The lungs are located in the chest and are part of the respiratory system. The lungs take up most of the space inside the chest. The lungs are separated by the mediastinum, which contains heart and other organs. LOBES:- The left lung has two lobes. The heart sits in groove in the lower lobe. [cardiac notch] The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung.

4. TRACHEA The wind pipe[trachea] is the tube shaped airway in the neck and chest. It divides into two tubes or branches called the main bronchi. One branches goes to each lung. The area where each bronchus enters the lung is called hilum. PLEURA The pleura is the thin membrane that covers the lungs and lines of the chest wall. It protect and cushions the lungs and produces a fluid that acts like a lubricant so the lungs can move smoothly in the chest cavity. LAYERS OF PLEURA Inner [visceral] pleura – the layer next to the lung Outer[parietal] – the layer that lines the chest wall.

5. BRONCHIOLES The smaller bronchi divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. It have no glands or cartilage. At the end of the bronchioles are millions of tiny sacs called alveoli. PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNGS Transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to release carbon dioxide from the air to blood. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli. It defence against harmful substances in the air, such as smoke, pollution, viruses

6. ASTHMA

7. ALLERGIC ASTHMA [ EXTRINSIC]

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

9. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History collection Physical examination Sputum test Blood test ABG analysis Lung function test Chest X-ray

10. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective breathing pattern related to infection as evidenced by recurrent cough. Ineffective airway clearance related to ineffective cough as evidenced by wheezing sound on auscultation. Deficient knowledge related to lack of information sources as evidenced by inability to answer properly. Disturbed sleeping pattern related to hospitalization as evidenced by verbalization.