Bronchial_Asthma_ medical topic for students

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1. Bronchial Asthma

2. Definition Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or early morning.

3. Pathophysiology - Airway inflammation - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness - Reversible airflow obstruction - Triggered by allergens, infections, exercise, cold air, or stress

4. Classification by Severity 1. Intermittent: Symptoms <2 times/week 2. Mild persistent: Symptoms >2 times/week but not daily 3. Moderate persistent: Daily symptoms, night awakenings >1/week 4. Severe persistent: Continuous symptoms, frequent exacerbations

5. Clinical Manifestations - Wheezing - Shortness of breath - Chest tightness - Cough (worse at night/early morning) - Fatigue during exacerbations

6. Diagnosis - Clinical history and physical examination - Spirometry (reversible airflow limitation) - Peak expiratory flow monitoring - Allergy testing (optional)

7. Management Treatment for Bronchial Asthma Goal: Control symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. 1. Two Main Medication Types: · Quick-Relief (Rescue) Inhalers: · For immediate symptom relief during an attack. · Example:Albuterol . · Warning: Needing it >2 times/week means asthma is uncontrolled.· 2.Long-Term Control (Maintenance) Inhalers: · Used daily to prevent inflammation and symptoms. · Examples: Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., Flovent ), combination inhalers (e.g., Advair). 2. Essential Management Steps: · Identify and Avoid Triggers (e.g., allergens, smoke, cold air).

8. Complications - Status asthmaticus - Respiratory failure - Pneumothorax - Impact on quality of life

9. Conclusion Bronchial asthma is a common chronic airway disease. Early diagnosis, proper classification, avoidance of triggers, and appropriate management are crucial to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

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