bronchoscopy by vikas kumar rit new.pptx

bronchoscopy by vikas kumar rit

1. Virtual CT bronchoscopy VIKAS KUMAR MRIT 4 th Semester 220513008

2. contents Introduction Anatomy Indication Contraindication Preparation Procedure Complication After care

3. Virtual endoscopy Virtual endoscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows visualization of the inside of hollow organs or cavities in the body using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Unlike traditional endoscopy, which involves inserting a physical endoscope into the body, virtual endoscopy creates a virtual representation that can be navigated and explored on a computer monitor. There are 2 types of Virtual Endoscopy : Virtual Bronchoscopy Virtual Colonoscopy

4. Introduction Virtual Bronchoscopy: It is non-invasive medical imaging procedure that uses CT (computed tomography) scans to create detailed images of the bronchi, which are the main passage ways in the lungs. It involves the visualization of the airways in the lungs using CT imaging. It is used to diagnose conditions such as lung cancer, pulmonary nodules, bronchiectasis, or airway stenosis. Multidetector CT generated VB represents one of the most recent development in 3D visualization techniques which allows a 3D intraluminal evaluation of the tracheobronchial tree.

5. Anatomy

6. indication Evaluation of bronchial stenosis Anatomical malformation and variants Evaluation of trachea and bronchi in children Guidance of transbronchial biopsy

7. Evaluation of bronchial stenosis

8. Anatomical Malfunction

9. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CT VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY

10. DATA ACQUISITIONS Reconstruction Algorithm Filtered Back projection

11. Image pre- processing Pre-processing involves the use of various noise-filtering algorithms; image segmentation Cropping and Cutting IMAGE SEGMENTATION : is an important step in the creation of VR images in CT. Segmentation can be performed by the operator (semiautomatic), or it can be done automatically. T he user selects objects to include in the dataset through the use of windowing. These objects are then prepared for rendering. (In Semiautomatic) For bronchoscopy the result of this procedure defines a 3D image mask that, as to “excludes voxels not belonging to the lungs or major airways. All mediastinal structures, bones, and other extraneous structures are removed.”

12. 3D rendering There are 3 types of 3d rendering: Surface Rendering: It is not best suited for use in CT VR imaging because of problems such as the production of partial volume-averaging artifacts. Volume Rendering: It provides the best results because it produces optimum visualization of the anatomy (e.g., mucosal patterns and lesions), minimizes partial volume averaging artifacts, and adds lifelike reality to images. Hybrid Rendering: This techniques that combine features of both surface and volume is under investigation.

13. Image display & analysis Because of the nature of the visualizations and interactivity needed for optimum viewing and evaluation of images, image display and analysis in CT VR imaging require powerful computer workstations to handle both data acquisition and advanced visualization processing operations. As an alternative, some CT consoles may also facilitate virtual endoscopy. Virtual CT endoscopy includes image analysis techniques that allow the user to assess images interactively with a wide range of software tools

14. Applications VB may also be used in educational and research applications, to teach and learn the tracheobronchial anatomy as it appears at bronchoscopy. This not only helps training pulmonologists to learn how to perform a Bronchoscopy but can also help them, when interpreted immediately before the fibre optic procedure, to perform this invasive procedure faster and more efficiently. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgE8Lk5qMvw .

15. Virtual Ct Colonoscopy

16. introduction CT colonoscopy  or virtual colonoscopy is a medical imaging procedure which uses x-rays and computers to produce two and three dimensional image of the colon. It includes images of large intestine, small intestine, rectum CT colonoscopy is mainly used to evaluate colorectal polyp detection, and it may be used for colorectal screening

17. indication Screening for polyps Incomplete colonoscopy Colorectal cancer

18. anatomy

19. Blood supply

20. Patient preparation Information about the procedure. Instruct the patient to remove all the metallic objects from the part of interest. The patient will usually be asked to take laxatives or other oral agents at home the day before the procedure. Stop iron medication 7 days prior to procedure. Don’t intake pulpy food.

21. procedure The patient is placed in a prone position one the examination table. A thin tube is inserted into rectum, so the Co2 can be pumped through the tube in order to inflate the colon for better viewing. The table moves through the scanner to produce a series of two dimensional cross sections along the length of the colon. A computer program puts these images together to create a 3-D pictures that can be viewed on the video. The patient is asked to hold his/her breath during the scan to avoid distortion on the images. The scan is then repeated with the patient lying in a prone position. After the examination , the images produced by the scanner must be processed in to a 3d images. The patient may resume normal activity after the procedure.

22. Post processing   .

23. 3D navigator The navigator  advanced visualization software provides a single icon-driven interface for ease of use and interaction with virtual colonoscopy images. It allows real time navigation of structures visualization capabilities for viewing inside cavities endoluminal viewing of 3D surface rendered abnormalities of tubular structures eg : polyps,tumors,clots

24. 3D colon  It is  intuitive and is intended to provide image visualization of the colon for masses, cancers, polyps and other lesion and allows the user to perform 3D measurements, real time volume rendering.

25. FLY THROUGH The software of the invention splits the entire tubular anatomy into exactly two halves. The software assigns a virtual camera to each half to perform fly

26. Filming

27. Advantages It is more comfortable than conventional colonoscopy for some people it does not use a colonoscope. No sedation is needed, and the patient can return to his/her usual activities or go home after the procedure with of the aid of any other person. The lack of sedation also lowers the risk of the procedure since some people may have adverse reactions to sedative medications used during conventional colonoscopy. VC provides clearer, more detailed images than the conventional method. It takes less time than the conventional colonoscopy VC provides a secondary benefit of revealing disease or abnormalities outside the colon.

28. disadvantages The main disadvantage of VC is that a radiologist cannot take tissue samples(biopsy)or remove polyps during VC , so a conventional colonoscopy must be performed if abnormalities are found. Also VC does not show as much detail as a conventional colonoscopy , so polyps smaller than between 2 and 10 mm in diameter may not show up on the images. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNCEbDurCRk .

29. References Ct book Euclid Serum 4 th Edition. Article : Multidetector CT-generated virtual bronchoscopy: an illustrated review of the potential clinical indications . https://www.slideshare.net/DeepikaHamav/ct-virtual-endoscopy