Bt. crops ppt

Bt.crops and their benefits and disadvantages

1. Bt. CROPS

2. PRESENTED BY : MANOJ B.S 15 MSABC 005 M,Sc . AGRI BIOCHEMISTRY. JSBB. SHIATS,ALLAHABAD . Sam Higginbottom Institute Of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences

3. CONTENT INTRODUCTION ABOUT Bt. Bt. COTTON WORKING MECHANISM OF Bt. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF Bt. COTTON Bt. BRINJAL AND ITS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF Bt . BRINJAL Bt. CORN AND ITS BENEFITS.

4. Shigetane Ishiwatari (1901), first isolated Bacillus thuringiensis . Bt is commonly abbreviated as Bacillus thuringiensis , is a gram-positive, facultative aerobic, rod-like, motile and sporulating bacterium . Bt is a naturally-occurring soil borne bacterium that is found worldwide Ubiquitous in nature. Produces crystals of endotoxin ( Cry protien or delta toxin) - toxic to insect mainly in their larval stage , thus they act as insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis

5. These crystal proteins (Cry proteins) are insect stomach poisons Insects stop feeding within two hours of a first bite and, if enough toxin is eaten, die within two or three days Important biological insect control agent . Bt crystals, sometimes referred as insecticidal crystal proteins (ICP) , are protein crystals formed during sporulation in some Bt strains coded by cry genes.

6. What is Bt cotton ? Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide. Marketed by Monsanto, USA.

7. HOW Bt WORKS ? Ingestion Solublization & proteolytic activation Binding to target site Formation of toxic lesions

8. Mode of action of Cry toxin

9. Epithelium Dissolving of crystals and activation of toxins Pro-toxin Activated ∂- endotoxin Receptors Toxins bind to receptors Perforation of gut membrane Crystals Hilbeck and Schmidt (2006) Fig 10: Mode of Action of Bt Toxin in Insect Gut

10. TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION Main steps for developing transgenic crops : Identification of effective gene(s). Gene transfer Regeneration from protoplast/callus/tissue Gene expression to the desired level Back cross to produce varieties Field test Approval for commercialization

11. METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer Bombardment of cells with particle coated with gene of interest

12. Transformation with Agrobacterium Agrobacterium contains a circle of DNA (Ti plasmid) that carries the desired genes Co-cultivation of the Agrobacterium with plant pieces transfers the DNA Petri dish with leaf pieces & Agrobacterium

13. Bt cotton in India India is the largest cotton producer and consumer country after China. In 2002 Bt cotton was introduced in India. India has the largest hectarage of cotton and accounts for approximately one third of the total cotton are planted in the world . Cotton yield increased from 308kg/ha in 2001-02 to 550kg/ha in 2014-15.

14. Advantages of Bt-cotton Yield superiority More profit Lesser need of pesticide Better quality Suitability for early sowing

15. DISADVANTAGES Higher cost of seeds Higher fertilizer and irrigation cost

16. Trade name Bt protein crop Company Insect pests Bollgard Cry1Ac Cotton Monsanto Tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, pink bollworm Bollgard II Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab Cotton Monsanto Tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, pink bollworm Widestrike Cry1Ac+Cry1Fa cotton Dow Tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, pink bollworm List of transgenic cotton (Bt cotton)

17. Commercial release of different Bt cotton events in India, 2002 to 2009 No. Event Developer Status Date of approval 1 MON-531 Mahyco /Monsanto commercialized 2002 2 MON-15985 Mahyco /Monsanto commercialized 2006 3 Event-1 JK Agri -Genetics commercialized 2006 4 GFM Event Nath Seeds commercialized 2006 5 BNLA-601 CICR (ICAR) & UAS, Dharwad commercialized 2008 6 MLS-9124 Metahelix Life Sciences commercialized 2009

18. Future prospects of Bt cotton in India 5 new hybrid cottons are under biosafety assessment which will be considered for commercial approval between 2013-15. . Other traits include drought and salinity tolerance, disease resistance, sucking insect resistance, leaf curl virus resistance and other traits related to cotton fiber quality.

19. Bt. BRINJAL Brinjal is botanically known as S olanum melongena L. (2n =24) included under the genus S olanum which is one of the largest genera having more than 1,500 described plant species. The cultivated types are fit for human consumption and are divided into three main varieties based on fruit shape. S. melongena var. esculentum (Round or egg-shape) S. melongena var. serpentinum (Long and slender) S. melongena var. depressum (dwarf brinjal plants)

20. MAJOR PROBLEMS Major problem in brinjal cultivation is brinjal shoot and fruit borer ( Leucinodes orbonalis ). It is monophagous and attacks all aerial parts of plant specially shoot and fruit . Damage the fruit and affect fruit quality badly. It causes yield losses about 60-70% even after multiple insecticide spray.

21. EGGS LARVAE PUPAE ADULT 25-43 days Fig 6: Life Cycle of The Fruit and Shoot Borer

22. SHOOT DAMAGE FRUIT DAMAGE Symptoms of Damage

23. WHAT IS Bt BRINJAL? Bt Brinjal is a transgenic brinjal created out of inserting a gene [cry IAc ] from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in to brinjal. The insertion of the gene into the Brinjal cell in young cotyledons has been done through an Agrobacterium mediated vector , along with promoters, markers etc. This is said to give the Brinjal plant resistance against lepidopteran insects like the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer ( Leucinodes orbonalis ) and Fruit Borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ) . It is reported that upon ingestion of the Bt toxin by the insect, there would be disruption of digestive processes , ultimately resulting in the death of the insect.

24. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF Bt CROP DEVELOPMENT 1 INOCULATION 2 CO-CULTIVATION 3 4 5 6 SELECTION & REGENERATION RE-GROWTH MOLECULAR VERIFICATION OF GENE PRESENCE & EXPRESSION EVALUATION OF TRANSFORMED BRINJAL PLANT FOR INSECT PROTECTION Fig: 9

25. 60% of plant protection cost for controlling fruit and shoot borer is reduced. In spite of the extensive use of chemical pesticides, larvae lead a concealed life, it is difficult to control through insecticide sprays. Arguments in Favour of Bt Brinjal

26. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF Bt BRINJAL.? 1) non-infested, undamaged and good quality brinjal fruits. 2) B t brinjal will significantly reduced level of pesticide residues, Farmers are expected to benefit at multiple levels. Some of these include: 3 ) Saving on cost of insecticides and lower labor cost as a result of reduced spraying. 4 ) Increase in yield per unit area by saving fruits from damage caused by FSB.

27. Non-Bt. Non-Bt. Benefits to Farmers Bt .

28. Bt . CORN Why does corn need protection from corn borers? E ach year, 40 million tons of corn never reach the market due to damage. If corn borers are not controlled, the larvae will eventually turn into moths and the cycle continues. Bt corn produces a protein that gives Bt corn built-in resistance to the corn borer – offering protection throughout the plant where the insect attacks.

29. HOW DOES Bt. CORN WORK? Bt maize has built-in protection against corn borers, achieved through modern biotechnology, where the Cry1Ab gene has been added. The Cry1Ab gene produces a Bt protein (Cry1Ab) which protects the plant from insect damage ( Bacillus thuringiensis ) Stalk tunnel after infection Tunneling of borer

30. What are the benefits of Bt corn? It represents an environmentally sustainable way to control devastating insect pests and, therefore, to ensure yield. Also, grain from Bt corn is often of better quality than grain from conventional corn hybrids, since insect damage reduces grain quality. Studies show that there is a significant economic return from growing Bt corn, with yields protected in years when there is a heavy outbreak of corn borer. There is also evidence that Bt corn provides a form of protection to non- Bt corn by reducing the overall population of corn borers

31. Expected benefits are based on the following assumptions Bt corn (MON810, BT11) provides 96% average control of European corn borer larvae, Bt corn (event 176) provides 96% control of first generation corn borers and 75% control of second generation corn borers. Insecticides provide 80% and 67% control of first and second generation borers, respectively.

32. Does Bt corn affect beneficial insects and natural enemies? Many studies have shown that Bt Cry proteins are highly selective in killing larvae of moths. Bt corn, however, does not affect beneficial insects including honey bees, lady beetles, green lacewing larvae, spiders, pirate bugs or parasitic wasps . Indirect effects on natural enemies of European corn borer, however, could occur. Predators, parasites and pathogens of the corn borer might decline as corn borer populations decline.

33. Bt has no toxic impact in higher animals (HUMAN) because of….. Acidic stomach Very low pH (∽1.5 in humans) Absence of required receptors Bt is safe to non-target organisms-HUMAN

34. 1Hilbeck and Schmidt (2006). 2. Anonymous, 2009 3. Choudhary & Gaur, 2009 4. Bravo A., Gill S. S., & Soberon M. (2007). Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry and Cyt toxins and their potential for insect control. Toxicon ,  49 (4), 423-435 5. Aronson, A. (2002). Sporulation and δ-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis .  Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS ,  59 (3), 417-425. REFERENCE

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