Building construction materials -Tiles

.

1. Building Construction Materials
-Tiles
Mr. K. R. Patil
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
D. Y. Patil College of Engineering &
Technology, Kolhapur

2. Tiles
•ThemostcommontypesofFlooringavailableinIndia:
•Claytiles:
•Claytilesaremadefromabettergradebrick-clays.Tilesareusedfor
roofing,flooring,paving,walls&drains.
•Tilesusedforroofingareplain,curvedorcorrugated,whileflooring&
wallingtilesareplain,rectangularorhexagonal.
•Classification:
•Theyareclassifiedasfollows:
•Bypatentse.g.Mangaloretiles,Ranigunjtilesetc.
•Bypurposese.g.walltiles,ceilingtiles,roofingtiles,flooringtiles.
•Manufacturing:
•Theprocessofmanufactureinvolvesthefollowingoperations:
a)Preparationofclayb)Mouldingc)Dryingd)Burning

4. •Ceramic Tiles
•Ceramictileshavequicklybecomeoneofthemostpopulartypesof
flooringmaterialsusedinahome.
•Ceramictileismadeupofsand,naturalproductsandclaysandonceit
hasbeenmouldedintoshapetheyarethenfiredinakiln.
•Whenmakingceramictilestheycaneitherbeglazedorunglazed,but
themajorityofhomeownershaveglazedceramictilesintheirhome.
•Withtheirincreasingpopularity,therearehundredsofdifferent
designsofceramictiles.

5. •VitrifiedTiles
•Vitrifiedtileisaceramictilewithverylowporosity.Itisanalternative
tomarbleandgraniteflooring.TherearefourtypesofVitrifiedtiles–
Solublesalt,Doublecharge,FullBody,Glazed.
•Types:
•Solublesaltvitrifiedtilesarescreenprintedandpolished.
•Doublechargevitrifiedtilesarefedthroughapressthatprintsthepattern
withadoublelayerofpigment,3to4mmthickerthanothertypesoftile.
Thisprocessdoesnotpermitcomplexpatternsbutresultsinalong-
wearingtilesurface,suitableforheavytrafficcommercialprojects.
Designlayershouldnotbemorethan4mmthickness,whichmay
weakenthestrengthofthetile.
•Fullbodyvitrifiedtileshavepigmentinentirebody(thickness)ofthe
tile.Thismakeschipsandscratcheslessnoticeableandmakesthisan
idealchoiceforhightrafficzones,buttheprocesssignificantlyincreases
thecost.

6. •Glazedvitrifiedtiles(GVT)haveaglazedsurface.Theyoffera
widevarietyofdesign,artworkandsurfacetextureslikewood
grain,bamboo,slateorstone.Thisisalsoanexpensiveprocess,but
thecostisdroppingasdigitalprintingtechniquesareintroduced.
•Onedisadvantageofvitrifiedtilesistheydonothavethenatural
texturesandpatternsofmarbleorgranite.

7. •MosaicFloor
•Thistypeofflooringinvolvesembeddingsmallpiecesofcolored
glass,stone,orceramictileinabackgroundmaterialsuchasplasteror
mortar.
•Theresultingfinishisuniqueandavarietyofdesignscanbecreated.
•Mostconventionalapartmentsusegreyorwhitemosaic.
•Thesearerelativelyinexpensive.Morerichvarietyofmosaicisalso
availableinthemarketforthedeservingpeople.

8. •Marble Floor
•Marbleisanaturalstone,andwhenproperlyfinishedcanbe
transformedintobeautifulflooring.
•Marbleflooringisoneofthemostluxuriousandstylishflooringsto
installinahomeandaddsawholenewelementofclass.
•Differenttypesofmarblewillbringdifferentlookstoafoyer,hallway,
bathroom,oranyroomwhereitispresent–andtherearethousandsof
differenttypesofmarbleinnearlyeverycolorimaginable.
•Withhuesinblack,brown,green,red,whiteandevenpink,there’sno
doubthomeownerscanfindtherightmarblefortheirhome.
•Marbleismetamorphosedlimestone,composedoffairlypurecalcite.
•Itisextensivelyusedforsculpture,asabuildingmaterial,andinmany
otherapplicationswhichincludesflooring.
•Marblehasarelativelylowerabrasionresistancecomparedtoartificial
floors.
•ItiscalciumcarbonatewhichisstronglyattachedbyHydrochloricacid
whichiscommonlyusedintoilet&floorcleaning.

9. •Ityellowsoverextendedtimedurationwhereasmanmadetilestend
toretaintheircolourfordecades.

10. •Granite Floor
•Acommonigneousrockcomposedofquartz,orthoclase,and
hornblende,oftenaccompaniedbypyroxeneormica.
•Itiscalledgranitebecauseofthegranularsurface.Graniteis
frequentlyusedforbuildingsandmonuments.
•Itisapopularchoicefornotonlyflooringbutalsoforcountertops
inkitchenandshelves.
•Likemarble,it’sadurableandversatilematerialthat’swonderfully
suitedforfloortile.

11. •ConcreteFloors
•Concretefloorsareasustainableoptionifyouusean
existingconcreteslab,avoidingtheconsumptionofnewmaterials.
•Todayyoucanpurchasereadymadeblockswhicharereadytobelaid
inyourhomeortheexteriors.

12. •Natural Stones:
Followingarethevariousnaturalstonesusedinflooringwork:
1.Shahabad:
•Inthistypeofflooring,stoneswhichareavailableinthethicknessof20
to40mmuniformlythickslabarelaidonconcretebedding.
•Thestoneshouldbehard,durable,tough,even&goodquality.
•Allstonesshouldbedressedonedgesbeforeuse.
•Thistypeofflooringissuitablewheremovementofveryheavyloads
havetobehandle.
•Advantages:
•Itisveryeconomicalinplacewheresuchstonesarelocallyavailable.
•Itishard,durable&wearresistant.
•Itiseasyinconstruction,repair&maintenance.
•Disadvantages:
•Itisnotfine,smooth&attractivetypeflooring&thereforecannotbe
usedforimportantpublicbuilding.
•Itisnotfoundconfortableforlivingpurposebecauseithasbad
conductivity&poorshockabsorbingproperties.

13. •Natural Stones:
Followingarethevariousnaturalstonesusedinflooringwork:
2.Kotah:
•Itisalsonaturallyoccurringstone.Itisfaintgreenishincolour.
•Itcantakegoodpolish&canbecut&sawnbymachine.
•Itishugelyavailableatplacekotahsothereforethenamekotahgivento
thisstone.
•Thisstoneiscommonlyusedforpavingthefloors,stepsinresidential
building.
3.Marble:
•Itisalsonaturallyoccuringstone.
•Marbleflooringisusedinresidentialbuilding,hospitals,templesetc
wheresuperiortypeofflooring&whereextracleanlinessisanessential
requirements.
•Thesizeofmarbleslabstobeusedinflooringdependsuponthepattern
tobeadopted.
•Theslabsfornormalworksaresquareorrectangularinshape&their
thicknessvariousfrom20mmto40mm.

14. •The base concrete is prepared & over the base concrete 20mm thick
bedding mortor of 1:4 (cement : sand) mix spread under the area of each
slab.
•The marble slab is laid on top of the bedding mortor, pressed & tapped
with wooden mallet & brought to the level with the already laid adjoining
slabs.
•After bedding mortor hardened slightly cement slurry is spread over the
same, the edges of already laid slabs are filled with cement slurry paste &
adjoin slab is laid on position & tapped with wooden mallet till it
properly bedded in level with adjoining slab.
•Due to sharp cutting of side joints between two slabs becomes very fine.
•The cement paste discharges from joints is cleaned.
•The tiles laid area is cured for minimum 7 days period
4.Granite:
•Itisalsonaturallyoccurringstone.
•Itishard,durable&availableindifferentcolours.
•Ithavehigherresistancetonaturalforces.

15. •Itcantakeverygood&glazingpolish&caneasilybyswan&unsuitable
carving.
•Itsspecificgravityvariesfrom2.6-2.7&compressivestrengthvaries
from770-1300kg/cm
2
.
•Itiscommonlyusedforpavingthefloorsincommercialbuildingssuchas
hotels,offices,entrancesofhospitals,flooringtilesattemples.
•Itisalsousedforornamentalworks.Itisalsousedforcladdingthewalls,
columnsincommercialcomplexes.
•Graniteflooringgivesthegood,smooth&pleasantfinish.
•Costofgraniteflooringishigh.
5.Kadappa:
•Itisalsoanaturallyoccurringstone&availableinlargequantityata
villagenamedasKudappatherefore,nameitselfisgivetothisstone
Kadappa.
•Itisblackorashblackincolour.
•Itismadesmoothononeside&cancommonlybeusedformaking
kitchenplatform.

16. •Itisalsousedinwindowsill,stepsinstaircase.
•Sometimesitisusedasflooringtilesinbathrooms.
•Thecompressivestrengthvariousfrom770-2110kg/cm
2
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Paving Blocks

17. •Paverblocksarealsocalledasinterlockingconcretepavementblocks.
Paverblocksaremadefromaspecialdrymixpre-castpiecesof
concretecommonlyusedinexteriorlandscapingpavementapplications.
•Interlockingpavingblocksareinstalledoveracompactedsub-base&a
levelingbedofsand.
•Standardthicknessofpavingblocksare60mmforlighttraffic,80mm
forheavytraffic&50mmforgeneralwork.
•Interlockingconcretepaversarenowanefficient&economicalchoice
invariousareasofbuildingconstruction.
ManufacturingprocessofPaverBlocks:
•Paverblocksconsistofbothfine&coarselygrainedaggregatesalong
withcementcompoundsinappropriateproportion.
•Ingredientsareputthroughpressure&vibrationwhichproducesa
strong,durableconcretewhichcanbemouldedintovariousshapes&
design.

18. •Steps:
1.Proportioning:
Aconcretemixof1:2:4(cement:sand:stonechips)byvolumemaybe
usedforcementconcretepavingblockswithwatertocementratioof
0.62.Theconcretemixshouldnotbericherthan1:6byvolumeofcement
tocombinedaggregatesbeforemixing.Finenessmodulesofcombined
aggregatesshouldbeintherangeof3.6to4.0.
2.Mixing
Alltherawmaterialsareplacedinaconcretemixerandthemixeris
rotatedfor15minutes.Thepreparedmixisdischargedfromthemixer
andconsumedinthenext30minutes.
3.Ingredientsputthroughpressure&vibrations
Vibratingtablemaybeusedforcompactingtheconcretemixinthe
mouldsofdesiredsizesandshapes.
4.Moulding
Usethemouldssuchasperrequirementofsize&shape.Frominsideof
mouldoilshouldbeappliedforeasyremovalofblock.

19. 5.Curing:
•Aftercompactingtheblocksaredemouldedandkeptfor24hoursina
shelterawayfromdirectsunandwinds.
•Theblocksthushardenedarecuredwithwatertopermitcomplete
moisturisationfor14to21days.
•Waterinthecuringtanksischangedevery3to4days.Aftercuring,the
blocksaredriedinnaturalatmosphereandsentforuse.
PropertiesofPavingblocks:
Followingaresomepropertiesofpavingblocks:
•Ithasgooddimensionalstability.
•Ithasnon-skidsurface.
•Ithasgoodcompressivestrength.Itsustainthecomp.strengthfrom20to
50N/mm
2
.
•Itswaterabsorptionisverylow&about5%.
•Ithasgoodtransversestrength3N/mm
2
•Itsdimensionaltoleranceforlength&widthis2mm&3mmforheight.
•Itsaverageabrasionis3mm.

20. •Advantages of Paving Blocks:
Following are the various advantages of paver blocks:
•Ithavebeautifulappearance.
•Theseblocksaredurable&economical.
•Theseblocksareeasilyinstalledoversandbasecompactedsurface.
•Itrequirelessquantityofcementmortar&concreteforinstallation.
•Theseblockscanbemadeinanydesign&shaperequired.
•Theseblocksareavailableindifferentpatterns,designs,shapes&
colour.
•Theseblocksarehighlywearresistantinnature,toimprovedurability
ofpavingblockworknormalP.C.C.shouldbedoneonexternalfaces.

21. •Uses of Paving Blocks:
Following are the various uses of paver blocks:
1.Pavingblocksarecommonlyusedforwalkways.
2.Theseblocksarealsousedforswimmingpooldesks,courtyards,
driveways,airportsorloadingdocksetc.
3.Theseblocksarecommonlyusednowadaysinparkingarea,garden
area,kidsplaygroundetc.
4.Theseblocksarealsousedjoggingtracks,entirebuildingcompounds,
storageyards,petrolpumps,aswellaslandscapedesign.
5.Itisusedwheretemporaryflooringrequired.
6.Duetovariousshapes&colouritimprovestheaestheticviewof
buildingfromoutside.