Building service and fixtures of pipe ..

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1. BUILDING SERVICES -1
APPLICATION OF THE ABOVE UNITS
UNIT-5
WATER SUPPLY & SANITARY ENGINEERING

2. Designing a house drain

3. Drainage Design Tasks
Step 1
Obtain the house plan
Step 2
Identify fixture type and locations
Step 3
Identify the type of sewer main
connection required
Step 4
ORG -Can an ORG be installed?
Locate the ORG
Step 5
Connect fixtures to the drain
Step 6
Identify downstream ventilation
Step 7
Locate the upstream vent
Step 8
Check unvented branch drain
connections
Step 8
Label fixture connection methods

4. 1. Obtain the house plans
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
The builder will supply a full set of plans
for the project which may include:
•Floor plans
•Elevations
•Sections
•Detail drawings of bathrooms etc
•Specifications
From the plans you can determine:
•Location of the structure
•Type of construction eg Slab on
ground or elevated floor
•Floor height above ground level
•Fixture locations

5. 2. Identify the fixtures
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
Laundrytrough
Clotheswasher
Watercloset
Bath
Shower
Basin
Sink
Shower
Basin
Watercloset
Symbols are used on house
plans to identify the fixtures
and appliances.

6. 3. Identify the sewer connection
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
Details of the type of sewer main, and
the required connection method for any
property, can be obtained from the
Local Sewerage Authority.
The connection will be either:
Boundary Trap
Or
Inspection Shaft
This sewer main requires
the installation of a
Boundary Trap

7. 4. ORGlocation
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
An ORG protects the property against
surcharge from the sewer main.
An ORG must be:
•Within the property boundary
•Outside the building
•75mm above ground level
•150mm below the lowest fixture
•Accessible and noticeable
•Have 2 metres clear access above
Overflow Relief Gully (ORG)

8. 4. ORGlocation
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
The ORG can be used to connect waste
fixtures to the drain, so a good location is
near a suitable fixture.
Near the laundry trough on this
job is a suitable location
Use a dot to locate the ORG
Use a dot to locate the Overflow Relief Gully

9. 5. Connect the fixtures
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
Use the most direct method to connect
each fixture to the drain.
Multiple connections may be made to
branches.

10. 6. Downstream ventilation
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
A property drain with a boundary trap
connection requires ventilation at the
down stream end.
A ground vent is the simplest way
to provide the ventilation.
A ground vent is suitable for this job.
Identify it with a label.
BT -GV

11. 7. Upstream ventilation
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
All property drains with require
ventilation at the upstream end.
The vent must be fitted downstream of
the most upstream fixture connection.
This is a suitable location
for a vent on this job.
BT -GV
DV

12. 7. Upstream ventilation
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
Once the vent locations are
established, the section of the
installation which is vented can be
identified as the main drain.
The other sections of the drain
can now be checked to decide if
they may be installed without
additional venting.

13. 8. Unvented branch drains
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
Unventilated branch drains:
•10 metres maximum length from
vented drain to weir of fixture trap
•No more than 2 WC’s connected
•No more than 30 fixture units
connected if DN100 pipe used.

14. 8. Unvented branch drains
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
Maximum length –
This is the longest branch on this job.
It is less than the 10m maximum.
7 metres
This branch has the following number of
fixture units connected:
Bath 4
Basin 1
Shower 2
Sink 3
Total 10 Fixture units
Less than the 30 allowed on a DN100 drain
No branch has more than 2 WC’s

15. 8. Unvented branch drains
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
None of the branch drains on
this job exceed the requirements
of Clause 3.10 of AS3500.2.
Therefore, no additional
drainage vents are necessary.

16. 9. Inspection openings
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
Inspection openings are required at:
•the point of connection to the sewer main
•at the lead-off from the boundary trap
•at WC branches
•at changes of direction over 45
o

17. 10. Labels
Easement
Sewer main (B.T. area)
BT -GV
DV
Label the following items:
•(I.O.’s) Inspection opening to surface
•Fixture connections
•(B.T.) Bath tub
•(D.V.’s) Drain Waste Vent
•Drain size and gradient
IO
IO
IO
IO
CWM to Tr.(L)
Tr. (L) to ORG
WC to 100 x 88
0
bend
Bth, B, Shr to 100 x 88
0
bends
S to 100 x 88
0
bend
B, Shr to 100 x 88
0
bends
WC to 100 x 88
0
bend
DN100 PVC(u) drain at 1.65%

21. Sewerage in Rural Areas –
Early Experiences,
Challenges and
Opportunities
Er. G.K. GuptaSuperintending Engineer, Amritsar
Er. RanjitSingh Executive Engineer, Hoshiarpur
Water Supply & Sanitation Department Punjab

22. No. of districts 22
No. of inhabited villages 12339
No. of households 32,71,612
Population 1,87,61511
No. of villages having population between 1-1000 7379 (60%)
No. of villages having population between 1001-2000 2784 (22%)
No. of villages having population between 2001–5000 1852 (15%)
No. of villages having population 5001or more 324 (3%)
Rural Punjab (Demographic Profile)

23. Name of District No. of Villages covered
withPiped Sewer under
VDF
Patiala 15
FatehgarhSahib 11
Sangrur 14
Barnala 6
Bathinda 6
Ferozepur 16
Faridkot 3
Muktsar 5
Moga 7
SASNagar 4
Rupnagar 8
Jalandhar 7
Hoshiarpur 1
Gurdaspur 25
Ludhiana 11
Total 139
Scenario of Sewerage System in Rural Punjab prior to
PRWSS Project
1)139 no. villages being covered
with small bore/ solids-free sewer under
Village Development Fund
(VDF) Programme of State Govt.
2) 15 no. villages have been
covered with conventional sewer
through efforts of NRIs/State Govt.
under PIDB/ Religious groups etc.
3) The remaining villages do not have any
planned sewer system and
waste water runs through open drains to
the village pond(s).

24. Sewerage System
Solids-free
Completed
Village Baba Bakala
In Progress
Vill. KhadoorSahib
Vill. GoindwalSahib
Vill. Chohlasahib
Conventional
Type (with solids)
Completed
Vill. Chawa
Physical Progress of Piped Sewer in Rural Punjab
under World Bank aided PRWSS Project

25. Salient Features:-
STP Based on Activated Sludge Process (400 kilolitres/day)
Design Population = 3040
No. of households = 476
Design based on 135 lpcd water supply
Design Inlet BOD = 200mg/l
Effluent BOD< 20mg/l
Effluent discharged into rainwater drain
SW pipe (100mm to 200mm dia) = 6796m
Conventional Type (with solids) Sewerage Scheme
Chawa(DisttGurdaspur)

26. Capital Cost= Rs.87.51 lacs
Construction period 2009/2010
Est. Annual O&M cost = Rs. 3.24 lacs
No. of HH sewer connections to-date = 225
O&M cost per HH = Rs. 120/-pm (with 225 no. connections),
likely to reduce to Rs. 60/-pm (with 100% i.e. 476 no.connections)
Electric Power intensive treatment process
Scheme O&M being done by GPWSC
Conventional Type (with solids) Sewerage Scheme Chawa(Distt
Gurdaspur)

27. Flow Diagram for Conventionaltype Sewerage system at Village Chawa

28. Sewerage Scheme Chawain Photographs
STP Site Pictures

29. Salient Features:-
STP based on Waste Stabilization Process (850kilolitres/day)
Design Population = 11680
No. of households = 1628
Design based on 90 lpcd water supply
Design Inlet BOD = 100-120mg/l
Effluent BOD< 30mg/l
SW pipe (200mm to 400mm dia) = 9597m
uPVCpipe (100mm, 150mm dia) = 20623m
Solids free Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakala(DisttAmritsar)

30. Capital Cost= Rs.408.50 lacs
Const. period 12/2009 to 01/2011 (12months)
Monthly O&M cost = Rs.35000/-
No. of HH sewer connections to-date = 1250 (77%)
O&M cost per HH = Rs. 35/-(at 70% connections)
O&M cost per HH = Rs. 22/-(at 100% connections)
Waste stabilization process is natural and minimum electric power is
required for treatment
Scheme O&M being done by Construction Contractor for 3 years under
supervision of DWSS/GPWSC
Solids free Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakala(DisttAmritsar)

31. Layout Plan of Solids free Sewerage System

32. Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakalain pictures
Bird’s eye view of
STP

33. Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakalain pictures

34. Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakalain pictures
Street without sewer Street after sewer and paver work

35. Sewerage Scheme Baba Bakalain pictures
Interaction of World Bank team
with GPWSC Baba Bakala

36. Construction of Sewerage Scheme KhadoorSahib in pictures
Composting pit
RCC Walls in progress
Sludge Drying Beds

37. Salient Features:-
 STP based on Waste Stabilization Process (1400 kilolitres/day)
 Design Population = 10000
 No. of households = 1650
 Design Inlet BOD = 100-120mg/l Effluent BOD<30mg/l
 Capital Cost= Rs. 448.66 lacs
 Est. Annual O&M cost = Rs.65000/-pm
 Est. O&M cost per HH = Rs. 60/-assuming 70% connetions
 Est. O&M cost per HH = Rs. 40/-assuming 100% connections
 Work in progress and near completion
 Waste stabilization process is natural and minimum electric power
is required for treatment
 Scheme O&M to be done by Construction Contractor for 7 years
under supervision of DWSS/GPWSC
Solids free Sewerage Scheme KhadoorSahib (DisttTarntaran)

38. Construction of Sewerage Scheme KhadoorSahib in pictures
Laying of uPVC sewer
in progress
Interlocking Paver
after laying of sewer
in street

39. CHALLENGES

40. •Technology
•Cost
•People’s aspirations
•People’s participation
•Land
•Holistic Approach
•Water availability for proper functioning of
sewer system
•Waste vs Storm Drainage
Various factors at interplay:

41. Comparative Analysis of Sewer Technologies:-
S.No. Parameter Conventional(With
Solids)
Solids Free Effect
1 Excavation Deeper Shallow +vefor Solisdfree
2 Water Supply More w/s (100lpcd)
required for self-
cleansing
Less w/s (40lpcd)is
sufficient
+vefor Solids free
3 Land for STP
Less land required*
More land required+vefor Conventional
4 Capital Cost Very high Low +vefor Solids free
5 Power consumption in
STP
Very high Low +vefor Solids free
6 Individual Septic tanksNot required Required +vefor Conventional
7 O&M cost Very high Very low +vefor Solids free
8 Convenience Bettertolerance of SolidsSolids not allowed
beyond septic tanks
+vefor Conventional
9 People’s perception More preferred Lesspreferred due to
3,6,8
+vefor Conventional
*Assuming mechanised treatment process (such as ASP) for
conventional type sewerage system

42. 1.Villagers’ desire is to have a sewerage system in which the solid
waste(human excreta etc.) generated in the household can directly be
discharged.
2.This leads to sludge generation in the STP and necessitates costly power-
intensive treatment process adding heftily to recurring O&M bill (electric
as well as wear/tear).
3.As the O&M has to be done by GPWSC, more electric bills add to the
woes of fund-crunched GPWSC and may lead to frequent breakdown of
the system.
4.On the contrary, solid-free sewer STP, based on waste stabilization
technology requires lesser initial capital cost, shallower excavations
for sewer laying. The treatment process ,being natural, requires
minimum electric power and is O&M friendly.
Challenges: Technology, Cost and Users

43. Storm water drainage has to be simultaneously
addressed otherwise sewerage system gets overloaded
and that too illegally. Infact, surface drainage and
sullageneed to be tackled in unison and holistically.
It is of utmost importance that the existing open
drainage system in the village be strengthened and
restored when new sewer gets laid in the village.
Inter-departmental planning and simultaneous
execution is necessary in this regard.
Challenges: Storm water vsWaste water

44. Waste Stabilization Pond requires 2-3 acres of land. Land
being scarce and getting scarcer day-by-day, Gram Panchayats
are under pressure not to give their limited holdings free of
cost for waste stabilization ponds
State Govt. has embarked upon multi-village sewerage
schemes such as Badal-Gaggarin Distt. Muktsar, so that land
for STP can be shared thereby ensuring optimum utilization
of resources.
Other treatment processes (mechanical) are power intensive,
have huge capital costs and add to recurring O&M cost,
making them unaffordable.
Challenges: Land vsElectric Power

45. Solids-free sewer system, which is designed for
running on less water is suitable for Punjab
villages as the treatment process consumes
minimum energy thereby resulting in low O&M
cost ensuring future financial sustainability.
However, rural people in Punjab, presently, are not
very receptive to this type of sewer.
Therefore, it is a major challenge to change the
psyche of the villagers in this regard through
focused upfront IEC activities.
Challenges: Solids-free vsWith Solids

46. The challenges emerged from the early experiences in
providing piped sewer system in rural Punjab may be summed
up as:
To fulfill the people’s aspirations of having functional
sewerage system by adopting a technology that uses
optimum land, water and power resources and is
environment-friendly.
Villagers have to be educated about the individual costs
including cost of modification of their houses to route all
the wastewater through septic tank / I.C.
At the same time, storm water conveyance (existing open
drains in the village) and disposal system (existing village
pond) be used for rainwater.
Effective & thorough IEC is the need of the time.
Challenges:

47. OPPORTUNITIES

48. Habitations are very compact owing to geographical and
historical reasons.
Agriculture being the mainstay for livelihood, land scarcity for
habitations has made the settlements highly congested,
requiring off-site disposal system.
Western culture exposure owing to higher rate of emigration
and rapid urbanization have catalyzed desire for more
comfort, dignity and better lifestyle including sewerage
facilities.
Why Sewerage in Rural Punjab

49. Punjabhasatotalof12339villages.
RuralSanitationisneedofthehour.
Punjabhastakenaleapbyadoptingtwo-prongedstrategy:
1.Toprovidepipedsewersysteminvillages
2.Toprovide1,80,000no.IndividualHouseholdLatrinesinnearly4000
villagesatState’scost(Rs.250crorealreadybeinginvested)soasto
makethesevillagesopen-defecationfree.
ThesetwoconcretestepswillensurebettersanitationinruralPunjab.
Infactbyprovidingpipedsewersystemin
ruralareas,Punjabhasbecomethefirststate
inIndiatotakesuchaleadforsanitationin
villages.
The Facts

50. •For achieving this end, State Government had approved following plan with
assistance from World Bank:
•A total of 100 villages with a total outlay of Rs. 142.41 crores are going to be
covered with piped sewer facility.
•Besides, work for sewerage schemes in several villages is also underway under Punjab
Infrastructure Dev. Board funded projects
The Facts (..Contd)
Year No. of villages proposedto
be covered with piped sewer
facility
2010-11 10
2011-12 35
2012-13 37
Apr2013 -Dec 2013 18

51. Huge opportunities are available to provide piped sewer facilities in villages of Punjab.
100 no. villages are being targeted in 1
st
phase of PRWSS Project.
2176 no. villages, constituting 18% of total Punjab villages, have population size of
2000 or more which makes providing sewerage facilities for them an economically
viable proposition.
An investment of Rs. 5000 croresis required to cover these villages with sewerage
system and it would take 15-20 years at a rate of coverage of 100-150 villages per year.
Outcome so far is pointing towards the need of better technological-policy
solutions/alternatives and decisions commensurate with the users’ realistic needs.
Investment and time are precious and need to be used carefully.
A more holistic and long term approach for this sector at level of States as well
as at national level is need of the hour.
Opportunities