building services in a building

building services study in a hostel.

1. Site Visit ADVANCED BUILDING SERVICES-II Submitted by: Barsha Amarendra(BA13ARC009) Jayati Chhabra (BA13ARC022) Maorisha Shiwarkar (BA13ARC029) Rebecca Sabu (BA13ARC038)

2. Site of Interest With many upcoming buildings on the campus premises, a site visit was conducted to understand the practicalities of services being installed at the time of construction. The multi-floor boy’s hostel and the mega mess was taken up for the visit. They were studied for the three major services: Electrical services, Sanitary services and Fire fighting services.

3. Sanitary services Sanitary Layout is one of the core layout drawings to be presented on-site when construction commences. In the site visit to the Boy’s hostel, we saw the Sanitary layout right from the inspection chamber to the internal bathroom plumbing and various details that were executed during the initial construction stage.

4. Basic Hierarchy in Layout

5. Basic terminologies Bedding The material on which the pipe is laid and which provides support for the pipe. Bedding can be concrete, granular material or the prepared trench bottom .

6. Basic terminologies 2. Inspection Chamber A water-tight chamber constructed in any house-drainage system which takes wastes from gully traps and disposes of to manhole with access for inspection and maintenance. The soil water and waste water pipes from the plumbing shafts of the hostel drain to a gully which are then connected to the respective inspection chamber which are in turn connected to the main sewer pipe.

7. Basic terminologies 3. Traps Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste pipe. The Main Trap used in the hostel was the P-Trap unlike the s-trap used in the older hostels. P-Trap has been used in WC units, Wash basins & Bath stalls.

8. S-Trap Vs P-Trap Years ago most plumbing codes banned S-trap configurations in favor of P-trap style fixtures. S-traps are no longer used in modern plumbing because on rare occasions with just the right conditions the water can be sucked out of the trap allowing sewer gas to enter your home. The risk from sewer gas can be much worse than just that terrible smell. Sewer gases can be poisonous or even explosive and are not to be treated lightly. A “P” trap drain will form a “P” shape to maintain a water seal, and the pipe will either go through the wall behind the fixture or extend several inches away from the sink drain before exiting through the floor.

9. Sanitary layout Soil Water Pipe Waste Water Pipe Water Supply Pipe (Hot & Cold) Water Faucet Nahani Trap A L-Shape layout of bath and WC spaces was planned due to: It requires only one shaft to be provided for the pipes. And thus is more economic and less space consuming. The corner is effectively used and becomes an efficient service core in the bathroom space due to its centralised positioning rather than distributive The Shaft contained: Cold water supply pipe from Roof tank Hot water supply pipe from solar boiler Waste Water pipe & Soil Water Pipe

10. Plumbing Section Pipes fixed into the Wall grooves made Water Mixers

11. Drainage Section The slab of the bathroom unit is a down-cast slab to accommodate the pipe work. And is later filled up to the beam level with murrum and PCC and laid out with tiles, which are still a level lower than the rest of the structure. This was properly noticed with the beams still arising out on the floor surface. A slope is given to each individual bath stall during filling in and tiling to create a slope for drainage. The pipes inside are also given a slope to effectively drain into the vertical soil and waste water pipes.

12. Stack Venting System In most cases, the Waste water pipe and the soil water pipe are kept separate to prevent spread of foul odour. However, in our case, for the feasibility of plumbing, the waste water drains into the soil water pipe.

13. Sanitary Ventilation Exhaust Outlet Primary Exhaust Duct Secondary Exhaust Duct Vents The ceiling was mounted with a metal ductwork system for exhaust from the bathroom unit. It was a branched system of exhaust layout. The stage of construction seen still required cut-outs to be made into the ducts to fit grills. The process of exhausting was left answered, however.

14. Electrical Services The site visit included meeting with the electrical consultants on the site who explained us the various electrical systems being put to use, their process of operation and their layout of position.

15. ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION LAYOUT IN A BUILDING

16. Electrical room An  electrical room  is a room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment. The size of the electrical room is usually proportional to the size of the building .  Large buildings may have a main electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms Electrical equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment Main electrical room

17. Electrical rooms typically house the following equipment : Electric switchboards Distribution boards Circuit breakers and disconnects Electricity meters Transformers Bus-bars Backup batteries Fire alarm control panel, etc.

18. In large building complexes, the primary electrical room may house an indoor  electrical substation Substation :- A  substation  is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution  system Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions . A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels.

19. Construction features The details of layout and construction of electrical rooms will be controlled by local building code and electrical code regulations: The construction features will depend on the scope of the equipment to be installed Floors- can be reinforced to support heavy transformers and switchgear. Walls and ceilings may have to support a heavy cable tray system or busbars Additional ventilation or air conditioning may be needed, since electrical apparatus gives off heat. Double doors may be installed to allow for maintenance of large equipment fire detection and suppression systems, such as carbon dioxide, may be installed

20. Lightning protection requires different measures than protection from power-frequency faults Shall be Located within the main multi-storeyed building itself. In a multi storey building, all the electrical rooms shall be aligned one above other in a single column Continuous ducts from electrical room in multi storey buildings.

21. A  power box  (USA) or  feeder pillar  (UK) is a cabinet for electrical equipment, mounted in the street and controlling the electrical supply to a number of houses in a  neighborhood . A power box is simply a layman's term for a transformer, cutout enclosure, or other enclosure used in conjunction with underground electrical distribution.

22. CONCEPTUAL PART FLOOR PLAN

23. Distribution box was put up in the gallery on each floor. MCB outside every room . Switchboard inside every room . And thus it goes to all the points to tubes and fans etc.

24. CONCEPTUAL PART FLOOR PLAN

25. AC voltages have been classified in various manners.  In earlier times, there were just two categories LV and HV.  As the level of voltages increases, there was a need for more levels.  However, there was ambiguity as to where each band ended and the other began.  For instance, 11kV can be MV in some systems and HV in another.   The International Electro-technical Commission has classified the voltages into the following levels (IEC 60038). This classification system is fast gaining acceptance.   Low Voltage           - up to 1000V Medium Voltage     - 1000V to 35kV High Voltage           - 35kV to 230 kV  Extra High Voltage  - above 230 kV. LV, MV and HV Shaft

26. On every floor MV shaft ( medium voltage shaft ) Dimensions -> 370 x 1350 mm LV shaft ( low voltage shaft ) Dimensions -> 1390 x 555 mm This shaft provides for L an connectivity / Wifi CCTV Publlic address system Fire fighting detectors Where heavy loads are to be carried, bus-bar systems are preferred. The bus-bars are available for continuous run from point to point or with tap offs at standard intervals. There are two types of MV/LV bus duct system for power distribution system : Conventional type b ) Compact and sandwich type .

27. Conventional type :- bus duct is used for large power handling between transformer and switchgear or between switchgear. This type is generally used in plant rooms, riser shafts, substations etc . Compact type:- use within areas of the building which are put to other higher aesthetic level of use. They could be used in false ceiling spaces or even in corridors and shafts for distribution without any false ceiling as they provide an aesthetically acceptable finish to merge with other building elements such as beams, ducts or pipes in functional buildings. Bus bar trunking can be installed in vertical risers ducts or horizontally in passages for transmission and distribution of power.

28. FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SERVICES The site visit included meeting with the fire consultant on the site who explained us the preparation for installation of fire safety & control devices, their process of operation and their layout of position.

29. NBC Regulations For the Sanctioning of the building construction and approval of fire safety standards in the building, a few basic requirements as specified in the NBC had to be met. According to a clause of the NBC, All buildings, which are 15 m in height or above, and all buildings used as educational, assembly, institutional, industrial, storage, and hazardous occupancies and mixed occupancies with any of the aforesaid occupancies, having area more than 500 m2 on each floor shall have: A minimum of two staircases They shall be of enclosed type. One of them shall be on external walls of buildings Shall open directly to the exterior, interior open space or to an open place of safety. All of these requirements were duly met in the building construction planning.

30. D etection devices Fire detection: 1. Ionisation 2. Light scattering or optical 3. Combined Smoke detection: 1. Ionisation smoke detector 2. Light scattering or optical smoke detector Heat detector: 1. Fusible type 2.Bi-metallic coil type Light detector: 1. Light obscuring Laser beam Fire detector Smoke detector

31. Sprinkler System: Working Principle Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire outbreak. Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that respond immediately to heat, discharging the contents of the water main to which they are attached. In addition to a rapid response which reduces and isolates fire damage, sprinklers use less water to control a fire than the fire fighting service, therefore preventing further damage from excess water.

32. Sprinkler System: Components Quartzoid bulb: a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating. The bulb or tube contains a coloured volatile fluid, which when heated to a specific temperature expands to shatter the glass and open the valve. Water flows on to a deflector, dispersing as a spray over the source of fire. Operating temperatures vary with a colour coded liquid: Orange : 57 o C Red : 68 o C Yellow: 79 o C Green : 93 o C Blue: 141 o C Mauve : 182 o C Black: 204 or 260 o C

33. Fusible strut: has two metal struts soldered together to retain a water valve in place. A range of solder melting temperatures are available to suit various applications. Under heat, the struts part to allow the valve to discharge water on the fire. Dura-speed solder type: contains a heat collector which has a soldered cap attached. When heat melts the solder, the cap falls away to displace a strut allowing the head to open. Produced in a range of operating temperatures. Drencher: A drencher fire control system provides a discharge of water over roofs, walls and windows to prevent fire spreading from or to adjacent buildings. An example of application is in theatres, where the drenchers may be fitted above the proscenium arch at the stage side to protect the safety curtain.

34. Types of sprinkler system Wet system Dry system Alternative wet and dry system Tail end system Pre-action system Recycling pre-action system Cycling wet system

35. Hydrant shaft An internal hydrant, installation comprise the following elements : Static or terrace tank for storing water for fire fighting purpose; Rise mains, down-comer mains or external mains to feed water from the source to the required point under pressure; Fire fighting pump/pumps with all fitments and components and pump control panel, housed in a pump house; and All necessary components like internal hydrants (landing valves) and external hydrants, hose reels, hoses and branch pipes, suitably housed.

36. Hose reel Fire hose pipe extinguisher Hydrant valve Fire hose box

37. Hose reel: Hose reels are fire fighting equipment for use as a first-aid measure by building occupants. They should be located where users are least likely to be endangered by the fire, i.e. the staircase landing. Fixed or swinging hose reels are located in wall recesses at a height of about 1 m above floor level. Dry riser: A dry riser is in effect an empty vertical pipe which becomes a firefighter‘s hose extension to supply hydrants at each floor level. It stays empty until a water source is provided to it. Note: A dry riser is installed either in unheated buildings or where the water main will not provide sufficient pressure at the highest landing valve. A hard standing for the Fire Service Vehicle is required at the base of the riser. One landing valve is required for every 900 m 2 of floor area. Wet riser: A wet riser is suitable in any building where hydrant installations are specified. It is essential in buildings where floor levels are higher than hat served by a dry riser, i.e. greater than 60 m above fire service vehicle access level. A wet riser is constantly charged with water at a minimum running pressure of 400 kPa .

38. The contents of the hydrant shaft is locked up inside and a universal key is provided. One stays with the authority while the other is kept in a glass case outside the shaft, to use in times of emergencies. An electric circuit keeps tract of where the fire originated by locating the respective smoke detector or sprinkler.

39. A wet riser has 2 important pumps: The Jockey pump: The primary pump with a lower pressure level, covering up to 30 m in distance. 2. The hydrant pump : The secondary pump with higher pressure levels covering over 30 m distance. These pipes are supplied from an over head water supply tank exclusively for this purpose. This is done so to maintain uniform pressure levels throughout its use.

40. Sitting of Extinguishers Not in cupboards or behind doors. Not above cookers or other heat emitters, or in any place of excessive heat or cold. Hung on wall brackets within easy reach, not placed on floor. Carrying handle 1 metre above floor for heavier extinguishers ( liquid-based ) and 1.5 metres for others. Along escape routes near to a door leading to a place of safety. Positioned in a wall recess so as not to obstruct general movement A maximum distance of 30 metres from the site of a possible fire & Repeated location on each storey