BUSINESS ETHICS – UNIT V: Ethical Insights from Thirukkural and Modern Thought

Integrating ancient wisdom with modern ethics, this unit interprets Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural and Stephen Covey’s Seven Habits for business and personal growth. It highlights timeless vs. time-bound values, relevance of ethical living, conflict management, and motivation as key factors in achieving organizational success.

1. BUSINESS ETHICS UNIT - V
THE KEY TEACHINGS FROM THIRUKKURAL WITH BUSINESS ETHICS
The Thirukkural, written by Thiruvalluvar over 2,000 years ago, is a timeless Tamil classic that
contains 1,330 couplets (Kurals). It covers three broad themes:
• Aram (Virtue/Ethics)
• Porul (Wealth/Politics & Business)
• Inbam (Love/Relationships)
Though ancient, the ethical values in Thirukkural remain highly relevant to modern business
practices. Business ethics today emphasizes integrity, fairness, responsibility, transparency,
and respect—principles that Thiruvalluvar emphasized long before the concept of corporate
governance existed.
Key Teachings
1. Honesty and Integrity in Business
Tamil:
"பபொய்யொமை என்பபெொன்று யொபெனின் யொதும்
இய்யொமை யொன்றபெொன்று இல்." (குறள் 291)
English:
“Truthfulness is the foundation of all virtues; there is no greater good than being free from
falsehood.”
Business Ethics Link:
Integrity is the cornerstone of corporate ethics. Just as Thiruvalluvar stresses truthfulness,
businesses must avoid deception in advertising, reporting, and negotiations to build lasting
trust with stakeholders.
2. Fairness in Wealth and Trade
Tamil:
"இழுக்கல் என்பபெொன்று இல்மைபயன் றுற்றவர்
உள்பபொருள் கொண்பர் இல்." (குறள் 113)
English:
“Those who refuse unfair gain and live by fairness, none can find fault in their wealth.”

2. Business Ethics Link:
Fair trade practices, ethical pricing, and avoiding exploitation are vital. In modern times, this
relates to corporate social responsibility, compliance with labor laws, and consumer rights.
3. Leadership and Responsibility
Tamil:
"ககட்டினும் உண்க ொர் உறுெி கிமைஞமை
கேற்றினும் கேற்றொது உள்." (குறள் 517)
English:
“A true leader stands firm, even when difficulties surround him; he never forsakes
responsibility.”
Business Ethics Link:
Ethical leadership is about accountability and resilience. Leaders must take responsibility for
corporate decisions and protect the interests of employees, investors, and society.
4. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Tamil:
"அருைல்ைது யொபெனின் நீைல்ை ெில்ைொது
உருைல்ைது உற்றக் பக ல்." (குறள் 30)
English:
“Without compassion, prosperity cannot endure; it is like a river without water.”
Business Ethics Link:
Businesses must show compassion through CSR initiatives—supporting communities,
sustainable development, and environmental care. Profit without compassion is
unsustainable.
5. Avoiding Exploitation
Tamil:
"அறவிமன பயொழியொது ஒழுகுெல் ஆற்றின்
பிறவிமன எல்ைொம் ெவறு." (குறள் 34)
English:
“If one follows the path of righteousness, all other pursuits will yield good; otherwise, they
lead to ruin.”

3. Business Ethics Link:
Companies should not exploit workers, customers, or the environment for profit. Ethical
conduct ensures long-term sustainability.
Conclusion
Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural transcends time and geography. Its moral vision is deeply aligned
with modern business ethics: truth, fairness, accountability, compassion, and responsibility.
Businesses that embrace these values not only achieve financial success but also earn trust,
goodwill, and social legitimacy.
STEPHEN COVEY’S SEVEN HABITS
Stephen R. Covey’s book “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People” (1989) is a classic in
leadership, personal development, and business ethics. The book is built on the principle that
true effectiveness is a balance of character ethics (who we are) and personality ethics (how
we act).
The 7 Habits are universal principles that help individuals and organizations achieve long-term
success, trust, and meaningful relationships. They move from personal victory (self-mastery)
to public victory (effective relationships), and finally to continuous improvement.
The Seven Habits with Examples
Habit 1: Be Proactive
• Meaning: Take responsibility for your actions instead of blaming circumstances.
• Example: An employee facing a tight deadline does not complain but proactively
reorganizes tasks, seeks help if needed, and delivers on time.
Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind
• Meaning: Define a clear vision of your goals and values before taking action.
• Example: A business leader writes a mission statement focusing on customer
satisfaction and sustainability, guiding all company decisions.
Habit 3: Put First Things First
• Meaning: Prioritize important tasks over urgent but less meaningful ones.

4. • Example: A student preparing for exams chooses to study key subjects instead of
wasting time on social media, even though notifications feel “urgent.”
Habit 4: Think Win-Win
• Meaning: Seek mutually beneficial solutions instead of competing for personal gain.
• Example: In a business partnership, two companies negotiate terms where both share
resources and profits fairly instead of one exploiting the other.
Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood
• Meaning: Practice empathetic listening before giving your opinion.
• Example: A manager listens carefully to an employee’s concerns about workload
before suggesting changes, making the employee feel valued and respected.
Habit 6: Synergize
• Meaning: Combine strengths through teamwork to achieve better results.
• Example: A diverse project team collaborates—designers, engineers, and marketers
together create an innovative product that no one could have developed alone.
Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw
• Meaning: Take time for self-renewal—physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
• Example: A busy executive sets aside time for exercise, reading, meditation, and family,
preventing burnout and staying effective in the long run.
Conclusion
Covey’s Seven Habits provide a roadmap for personal growth, leadership, and ethical success.
They emphasize self-discipline (Habits 1–3), relationship effectiveness (Habits 4–6), and
continuous renewal (Habit 7).
By practicing these habits, individuals and organizations can develop trust, resilience, and
long-term effectiveness in both personal and professional life.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIMELESS AND TIME-BOUND VALUES
In ethics and management, values guide human behavior, decision-making, and
organizational culture. Some values remain constant across eras and cultures, while others

5. shift according to time, context, and social needs. These are broadly classified as timeless
values and time-bound values.
Difference Between Timeless and Time-Bound Values
Aspect Timeless Values Time-Bound Values
Definition Universal principles that remain
relevant across generations and
cultures.
Values that change according to
time, place, and social trends.
Nature Permanent, enduring, and
unchanging.
Temporary, adaptable, and
dynamic.
Scope Apply to all people, situations, and
contexts.
Apply only in specific periods,
cultures, or situations.
Examples in
Personal Life
Honesty, compassion, respect,
integrity.
Dress codes, social customs,
communication styles.
Examples in
Business
Fairness, accountability,
transparency.
Business models, marketing
trends, technology -driven
practices.
Impact Provides stability and ethical
grounding in life and business.
Provides flexibility and relevance in
adapting to contemporary needs.
Longevity Eternal and passed on across
generations.
Short-lived; replaced as societies
evolve.
Examples
Timeless Values
• Truthfulness: Always valued, whether in ancient trade or modern corporate
governance.
• Justice: From kings in history to today’s legal systems, fairness remains a core human
need.
• Compassion: Caring for others never loses moral importance.
Time-Bound Values

6. • Business Trends: Bartering was valued in ancient economies, while digital payments
dominate today.
• Social Norms: Formal attire was once compulsory in offices, but now many workplaces
accept casual wear.
• Technology Adoption: Writing letters was valued in communication earlier; now
instant messaging is more important.
Conclusion
• Timeless values form the ethical foundation of human life and business, ensuring trust
and stability.
• Time-bound values reflect social and cultural changes, ensuring adaptability and
relevance.
• An effective leader or organization must balance both—anchoring decisions in
timeless values while adapting to time-bound values for progress.
THE RELEVANCE OF THIRUKKURAL IN ETHICAL LIVING TODAY
The Thirukkural, composed by Thiruvalluvar more than 2,000 years ago, is one of the greatest
works on ethics and morality. It contains 1,330 couplets (Kurals), divided into three sections:
• Aram (Virtue/Ethics) – moral and personal conduct
• Porul (Wealth/Politics & Business) – governance, leadership, and social order
• Inbam (Love/Relationships) – personal relationships and emotional life
Despite its ancient origin, the Thirukkural is considered a universal guide for ethical living. Its
principles of truth, justice, non-violence, compassion, and righteousness remain relevant in
modern society, business, and personal life.
Key Relevance
1. Truth and Integrity
Kural (291):
"பபொய்யொமை என்பபெொன்று யொபெனின் யொதும்
இய்யொமை யொன்றபெொன்று இல்."

7. English:
“Truthfulness is the foundation of all virtues; nothing equals it.”
Today: In a world where misinformation spreads easily, truth and transparency are vital in
personal relationships, governance, and corporate ethics.
2. Compassion and Social Responsibility
Kural (30):
"அருைல்ைது யொபெனின் நீைல்ை ெில்ைொது
உருைல்ைது உற்றக் பக ல்."
English:
“Without compassion, prosperity cannot endure; it is like a river without water.”
Today: Social responsibility, sustainability, and care for the environment reflect this
teaching. Compassion is key to ethical living and community harmony.
3. Justice and Fairness
Kural (541):
"பேற்றொர்க்கு பைல்ைடுத்து உண்ணுெல் ேொந்ெின்
பநஞ்ேிற் குறிவு படும்."
English:
“A judge must weigh impartially and act justly, else injustice will weigh on his heart.”
Today: Justice and fairness are essential in law, leadership, and workplace ethics to ensure
equality and respect for human rights.
4. Self-Discipline and Character
Kural (200):
"ஒழுக்கத்து நீத்ெொர் பபருமை விழுப்பத்து
கவண்டும் பனுவல் துணிவு."

8. English:
“The greatness of those who live by discipline is beyond measure.”
Today: Ethical living requires self-discipline—avoiding corruption, consumerism, and
unethical shortcuts.
5. Leadership and Responsibility
Kural (542):
"அஞ்ேொமை இன்றிச் பேயினும் நன்பகொன்று
பேஞ்பேயல் கொணப் படும்."
English:
“A ruler’s duty is to act fearlessly and uphold justice.”
Today: Leaders in politics and business are expected to act with courage, fairness, and
accountability, which Thiruvalluvar emphasized centuries ago.
Analytical View
• Universal Appeal: The Kurals transcend religion, caste, and geography, making them a
global ethical guide.
• Balance of Life: It connects personal virtues (Aram) with social order (Porul) and
human love (Inbam), offering a holistic model for ethical living.
• Modern Application: In an age of globalization, corporate scandals, and environmental
crises, the Thirukkural provides timeless principles for sustainability, integrity, and
compassion.
• Practical Guidance: Unlike abstract philosophy, the Thirukkural offers short,
actionable wisdom directly applicable to daily life.
Conclusion
The Thirukkural is not just an ancient Tamil text, but a timeless manual for ethical living. Its
emphasis on truth, justice, compassion, discipline, and responsibility continues to guide
personal conduct, professional ethics, and social harmony.

9. In today’s fast-changing world, Thiruvalluvar’s teachings remind us that true progress is not
just material wealth, but ethical living that benefits both self and society.
THE IMPACT OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY
Conflict is an inevitable part of organizational life. Differences in opinions, goals, roles, or
values often lead to workplace conflicts. If unmanaged, these can disrupt workflow, lower
morale, and reduce efficiency. Conflict management refers to the systematic process of
identifying, addressing, and resolving conflicts constructively.
When handled effectively, conflict does not always harm productivity—it can also stimulate
creativity, innovation, and teamwork. Thus, the way conflicts are managed plays a direct role
in determining their impact on organizational productivity.
Positive Impact (When managed effectively)
1. Improved Communication
o Conflict management encourages open dialogue, reducing misunderstandings.
o Example: A manager mediates between two teams and aligns their efforts,
preventing duplication of work.
2. Enhanced Teamwork and Collaboration
o Constructive conflict resolution fosters trust and mutual respect.
o Example: Cross-functional teams resolving differences learn to collaborate
better on future projects.
3. Innovation and Creative Solutions
o Managed conflict brings diverse perspectives, leading to new ideas.
o Example: Marketing and product teams disagreeing on design may create a
product that satisfies both customer appeal and technical feasibility.
4. Employee Morale and Retention
o Fair conflict resolution ensures employees feel valued, reducing stress and
turnover.
o Example: HR resolving salary disputes transparently prevents resignations and
retains talent.
Negative Impact (When poorly managed or ignored)
1. Reduced Productivity
o Unresolved conflicts lead to wasted time, absenteeism, and inefficiency.

10. o Example: Ongoing disputes between departments delay project deadlines.
2. Low Morale and Motivation
o Toxic work culture from unmanaged conflict lowers employee satisfaction.
o Example: Employees lose motivation when managers show favoritism during
conflicts.
3. Resource Drain
o Escalated conflicts require legal, financial, and administrative resources.
o Example: Workplace harassment conflicts mishandled can lead to lawsuits and
reputational damage.
4. Loss of Focus on Goals
o Energy spent on disputes takes attention away from performance.
o Example: Sales teams fighting over targets ignore customer relationships,
reducing revenue.
Evaluation
• Well-managed conflict → promotes innovation, communication, trust, and higher
productivity.
• Poorly managed or ignored conflict → results in stress, low morale, absenteeism, and
reduced performance.
• The impact depends on leadership style, organizational culture, and conflict
resolution strategies (e.g., collaboration, mediation, negotiation).
Conflict itself is not inherently negative; it is the management of conflict that determines its
impact on productivity.
• Constructive conflict management enhances problem-solving, strengthens teamwork,
and drives innovation—leading to higher productivity.
• Neglect or mismanagement of conflict damages morale, wastes resources, and
decreases efficiency.
Thus, organizations must cultivate a culture of open communication, fairness, and proactive
conflict resolution to transform conflict from a threat into an opportunity for growth.
A CASE STUDY: LACK OF MOTIVATION AFFECTS ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS
Motivation is the inner drive that influences employees to put effort toward achieving
organizational objectives. A motivated workforce shows commitment, creativity, and

11. productivity, whereas a lack of motivation results in low morale, absenteeism, high turnover,
and reduced organizational performance.
Since organizations depend on people to achieve strategic goals, a decline in employee
motivation can directly affect progress toward profitability, innovation, customer satisfaction,
and market competitiveness.
How Lack of Motivation Affects Organizational Goals
1. Reduced Productivity – Employees work at the minimum level required, slowing
overall performance.
2. Low Quality of Work – Unmotivated workers may show negligence, leading to errors
and poor outcomes.
3. High Turnover and Absenteeism – Lack of motivation drives employees to leave,
increasing hiring and training costs.
4. Resistance to Change – Employees unwilling to adapt to new policies, technologies, or
strategies hinder organizational growth.
5. Loss of Competitive Advantage – With reduced efficiency and innovation, the
organization may lose its market position.
Case Study: Nokia’s Decline
Background:
Nokia, once the world leader in mobile phones, dominated the global market in the early
2000s. However, by 2010–2013, the company lost its competitive edge and eventually sold its
mobile division to Microsoft.
How Lack of Motivation Played a Role:
• Employee Morale Decline: With rapid technological changes and leadership struggles,
Nokia’s employees lost motivation and confidence in the company’s direction.
• Resistance to Change: Workers were reluctant to adapt to the smartphone revolution
(Android and iOS), sticking to outdated Symbian systems.
• Innovation Decline: Lack of enthusiasm and vision among teams led to fewer creative
solutions, while competitors like Apple and Samsung surged ahead.
• Impact on Goals: Nokia failed to achieve its organizational goals of innovation and
market leadership, eventually losing dominance.

12. Outcome:
The lack of employee motivation—caused by unclear leadership, weak vision, and poor
change management—contributed to Nokia’s downfall, proving how motivation directly
impacts organizational success.
Conclusion
Lack of motivation blocks progress, lowers performance, and jeopardizes organizational
goals. The Nokia case demonstrates that when employees are uninspired and resistant to
innovation, even the most successful organizations can collapse.
For sustained success, companies must:
• Foster employee engagement through recognition and rewards.
• Provide clear vision and leadership.
• Encourage innovation and participation.
Motivated employees are not just assets; they are the driving force behind achieving long-
term organizational goals.
EDWARD DE BONO’S SIX THINKING HATS
The Six Thinking Hats, developed by Edward de Bono, is a creativity and decision-making tool
used in organizations. It helps teams think from different perspectives instead of getting stuck
in one mindset. Each “hat” represents a unique way of thinking, encouraging structured
discussions and well-rounded decisions.
In business, this approach improves strategic planning, innovation, conflict resolution, and
risk management, ensuring that decisions are balanced and creative.
SIX THINKING HATS AND THEIR ROLE IN BUSINESS
1. White Hat – Facts and Information
• Focus: Data, statistics, and objective facts.
• Business Application: Market research, financial reports, customer feedback.
• Example: Before launching a new product, a company reviews sales data, competitor
pricing, and market trends.
2. Red Hat – Emotions and Intuition
• Focus: Feelings, instincts, and emotional reactions.
• Business Application: Understanding customer emotions, employee morale, or brand
image.

13. • Example: A marketing team considers how an advertisement makes customers feel
rather than just its technical accuracy.
3. Black Hat – Caution and Risks
• Focus: Identifying dangers, challenges, and risks.
• Business Application: Risk analysis, compliance issues, financial caution.
• Example: Before expanding internationally, the finance team warns of currency
fluctuations and political instability.
4. Yellow Hat – Optimism and Benefits
• Focus: Positive outcomes, opportunities, and value.
• Business Application: Highlighting potential profits, growth, or goodwill.
• Example: An entrepreneur emphasizes how eco-friendly packaging will attract
environmentally conscious customers.
5. Green Hat – Creativity and Innovation
• Focus: New ideas, alternatives, brainstorming.
• Business Application: Product design, process improvements, innovative marketing.
• Example: A brainstorming session generates ideas for new features in a mobile app to
outpace competitors.
6. Blue Hat – Control and Organization
• Focus: Process management, decision control, summary.
• Business Application: Setting agendas, keeping discussions on track, and finalizing
decisions.
• Example: A project manager ensures the meeting stays structured, assigns tasks, and
summarizes action points.
Benefits of Using Six Thinking Hats in Business
1. Balanced Decision-Making – Prevents bias by exploring all viewpoints.
2. Encourages Creativity – Teams generate innovative ideas while staying practical.
3. Conflict Management – Helps people separate emotions from facts during disputes.
4. Team Collaboration – Everyone contributes without dominance of one perspective.
5. Strategic Planning – Aligns risk assessment with opportunities and innovation.
Conclusion
The Six Thinking Hats approach helps businesses make well-rounded, innovative, and ethical
decisions by considering facts, risks, emotions, creativity, and control. It transforms decision-

14. making from a confused debate into a structured discussion, enabling organizations to stay
competitive and adaptive in today’s fast-changing business environment.

THE LEADERSHIP QUALITY FROM THE RAMAYANA
The Ramayana, one of India’s greatest epics written by Valmiki, is not only a spiritual text but
also a guide on leadership, ethics, and governance. The story of Lord Rama, his allies, and
even his adversaries provide timeless lessons on leadership qualities that remain relevant in
management, politics, and organizational life today.
Key Leadership Qualities from the Ramayana
1. Integrity and Righteousness (Dharma)
• Example: Lord Rama upheld dharma even in difficult situations—accepting exile for 14
years to honor his father’s promise.
• Leadership Quality: A true leader keeps promises, values ethics over personal gain,
and maintains trust.
• Modern Relevance: Ethical leaders build credibility in business and politics.
2. Empathy and Compassion
• Example: Rama treated everyone with respect, from sages to vanaras (monkeys),
earning loyalty and devotion.
• Leadership Quality: Understanding people’s feelings creates loyalty and strong
teamwork.
• Modern Relevance: Compassionate leadership increases employee motivation and
reduces conflicts.
3. Team Building and Empowerment
• Example: Rama built alliances with Sugriva, Hanuman, and Vibhishana, recognizing
their strengths and empowering them with responsibilities.
• Leadership Quality: A leader identifies talent, delegates responsibility, and unites
people toward a common goal.
• Modern Relevance: In organizations, leaders must create synergy by valuing diverse
skills.
4. Courage and Decision-Making
• Example: Rama faced Ravana fearlessly and made tough decisions, including leaving
Sita in the forest for the sake of kingdom’s reputation.

15. • Leadership Quality: Leaders must make courageous and sometimes painful decisions
for the greater good.
• Modern Relevance: Corporate leaders must take bold steps in crises (e.g., mergers,
restructuring).
5. Communication and Persuasion
• Example: Rama’s ability to inspire and motivate his followers through kind and clear
communication made even Hanuman and Sugriva fully devoted to him.
• Leadership Quality: Effective communication fosters trust and alignment toward
vision.
• Modern Relevance: Leaders today must be persuasive communicators to align teams
with organizational goals.
6. Humility and Service-Oriented Leadership
• Example: Despite being a prince, Rama lived simply in exile and treated his
companions as equals.
• Leadership Quality: True leaders serve their people, showing humility rather than
arrogance.
• Modern Relevance: Servant leadership is valued in modern organizations for long-
term employee loyalty.
7. Vision and Strategic Thinking
• Example: Rama devised strategies to cross the ocean, build a bridge (Rama Setu), and
fight Ravana’s mighty army with limited resources.
• Leadership Quality: Great leaders think strategically and create solutions in adversity.
• Modern Relevance: Businesses need visionary leaders to survive in competitive
markets.
Conclusion
The Ramayana offers timeless leadership lessons through the character of Lord Rama and
others. Rama’s integrity, empathy, courage, communication, humility, and vision demonstrate
that true leadership is about serving people, making ethical decisions, and inspiring others
toward a shared mission.
Even in the modern business world, these qualities are essential for leaders who wish to create
sustainable success, loyalty, and harmony in their organizations.

16. INTERPRETATION OF COVEY’S SEVEN HABITS WITH EXAMPLES
Stephen R. Covey’s book “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People” (1989) is one of the most
influential works on personal development, leadership, and organizational effectiveness.
Covey emphasizes that true effectiveness is achieved not through quick fixes or external
techniques but by developing character-based habits that align with universal principles of
integrity, responsibility, and cooperation.
The Seven Habits are designed to help individuals move from dependence → independence
→ interdependence:
Habit 1: Be Proactive
• Meaning: Take responsibility for your choices instead of blaming circumstances,
environment, or other people.
• Interpretation: Proactive people focus on what they can control (their circle of
influence) rather than worrying about what they can’t. It’s about initiative, self-
awareness, and accountability.
• Example:
o Personal: Instead of complaining about traffic, a proactive person leaves earlier
or chooses another route.
o Business: An employee notices declining sales and suggests new marketing
strategies rather than blaming customers or the economy.
Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind
• Meaning: Define your vision and purpose clearly before acting.
• Interpretation: All effective work begins with a mental picture of the desired outcome.
This habit emphasizes setting long-term goals aligned with values.
• Example:
o Personal: A student visualizes becoming a doctor and plans study schedules
and activities accordingly.
o Business: A company with a mission statement on sustainability ensures its
strategies, production, and policies align with eco-friendly practices.
Habit 3: Put First Things First
• Meaning: Prioritize important tasks over urgent but less meaningful ones.

17. • Interpretation: This habit is about time management and focusing on high-impact
activities (Quadrant II in Covey’s Time Management Matrix: Important but Not
Urgent).
• Example:
o Personal: Exercising regularly (important but not urgent) rather than watching
TV (not important).
o Business: A manager spends time on employee training and long-term strategy
rather than reacting only to daily emails and small crises.
Habit 4: Think Win-Win
• Meaning: Seek mutually beneficial solutions in relationships.
• Interpretation: Success doesn’t have to come at the cost of others. Win-Win thinking
is based on respect, fairness, and cooperation.
• Example:
o Personal: Two siblings share household chores fairly so both get free time.
o Business: In a negotiation, a supplier offers a discount for bulk orders while the
buyer commits to long-term purchases—both benefit.
Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood
• Meaning: Practice empathetic listening before expressing your views.
• Interpretation: Communication is most effective when we listen with the intent to
understand, not just to reply.
• Example:
o Personal: A parent listens to a teenager’s frustration before giving advice,
strengthening trust.
o Business: A manager listens to employees’ challenges before proposing a new
work policy, ensuring buy-in and reducing resistance.
Habit 6: Synergize
• Meaning: Leverage the strengths of teamwork to achieve more than individuals could
alone.
• Interpretation: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” Different viewpoints,
skills, and experiences create innovative solutions.
• Example:

18. o Personal: Friends with different talents (music, design, finance) work together
to start a small event business.
o Business: A cross-functional team of engineers, marketers, and designers
collaborates to launch a successful product like the iPhone.
Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw
• Meaning: Regularly renew yourself physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
• Interpretation: Continuous self-improvement and balance prevent burnout and
increase long-term effectiveness.
• Example:
o Personal: A person invests time in exercise, meditation, reading, and family
bonding to maintain balance.
o Business: A company invests in employee training, wellness programs, and
work-life balance to keep its workforce motivated and productive.
Summary of Interpretation
• Habits 1–3 → Personal Victory (Self-Mastery): Take responsibility, set clear goals, and
prioritize wisely.
• Habits 4–6 → Public Victory (Relationships): Build trust, communicate effectively, and
collaborate for mutual success.
• Habit 7 → Continuous Renewal: Keep improving to sustain effectiveness.
Thus, Covey’s Seven Habits are timeless principles that guide individuals and organizations
toward sustainable success. They teach us that true effectiveness is a balance between
character (who we are), competence (what we do), and relationships (how we interact with
others).
When applied consistently, these habits create responsible leaders, ethical organizations, and
purposeful individuals, ensuring both personal growth and professional excellence.
THE ROLE OF THIRUKKURAL IN TEACHING LIFE SKILLS TODAY
The Thirukkural, composed by Thiruvalluvar more than 2,000 years ago, is a classic Tamil text
consisting of 1,330 couplets. It is divided into three sections: Aram (virtue/ethics), Porul
(wealth and governance), and Inbam (love and human relationships). Though ancient, the
Thirukkural provides practical guidance for life skills such as decision-making, leadership,
communication, self-discipline, and interpersonal relationships. Its teachings are universal and
remain highly relevant in today’s fast-changing world.

19. Role of Thirukkural in Teaching Life Skills
1. Truth and Integrity (Honesty as a Life Skill)
Tamil:
"பபொய்யொமை என்பபெொன்று யொபெனின் யொதும்
இய்யொமை யொன்றபெொன்று இல்." (குறள் 291)
English:
“Truthfulness is the foundation of all virtues; nothing equals it.”
Explanation:
This kural stresses that truth is the highest virtue. In personal and professional life, integrity
builds trust, respect, and credibility.
Example (Today):
In business, companies like Tata Group are admired for ethical practices and truthfulness in
corporate governance, which has built long-term trust.
2. Self-Discipline and Character
Tamil:
"ஒழுக்கம் விழுப்பந் ெைைொன் ஒழுக்கம்
உயிரினும் ஓம்பப் படும்." (குறள் 131)
English:
“Discipline leads to greatness; it must be preserved even above life itself.”
Explanation:
Self-discipline is essential for time management, focus, and ethical conduct. Without
discipline, success is short-lived.
Example (Today):
Students preparing for competitive exams or professionals working in demanding industries
achieve success mainly due to consistent discipline and focus.
3. Compassion and Empathy (Emotional Intelligence)
Tamil:
"அருைில்ைொர்க் பகல்ைொம் பிறவொமை என்பொர்
பபருமை பிறத்ெொன் வரின்." (குறள் 247)
English:
“Better not to be born at all than to live without compassion.”

20. Explanation:
Compassion develops empathy and kindness, which are critical life skills for maintaining
relationships, teamwork, and social responsibility.
Example (Today):
Healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic showed compassion and empathy,
proving that humanity is sustained by kindness.
4. Leadership and Responsibility
Tamil:
"ககட்டினும் உண்க ொர் உறுெி கிமைஞமை
கேற்றினும் கேற்றொது உள்." (குறள் 517)
English:
“A true leader never abandons responsibility, even when difficulties surround him.”
Explanation:
Good leaders remain accountable, resilient, and committed to their duties. Leadership is
about serving people, not exploiting them.
Example (Today):
In organizations, CEOs who take responsibility for failures instead of blaming employees earn
trust and loyalty.
5. Forgiveness and Conflict Resolution
Tamil:
"இன்னொபேய் ெொமை ஒறுத்ெல் அவர்நொண
நன்னயம் பேய்து வி ல்." (குறள் 314)
English:
“The noblest revenge against those who hurt you is to put them to shame by showing
kindness.”
Explanation:
Forgiveness is a critical life skill that reduces conflict and promotes peace. It reflects emotional
maturity and patience.
Example (Today):
In workplaces, managers who handle disputes calmly with forgiveness and fairness create a
healthier work culture.

21. 6. Hard Work and Perseverance
Tamil:
"உழுவொர் உைகத்ெொர்க்கு ஆணிஅஃ ெற்கற
அழுவொமை எல்ைொம் பபொறுத்து." (குறள் 1033)
English:
“Farmers are the linchpin of the world, sustaining all others who cannot till the soil.”
Explanation:
This highlights the dignity of labor and persistence. Hard work and perseverance are essential
life skills to achieve sustainable success.
Example (Today):
Start-up founders and entrepreneurs succeed not by shortcuts but by consistent effort and
perseverance despite failures.
7. Decision-Making and Wisdom
Tamil:
"பேயற்கரிய யொவுை நடுவுரிமை ேொன்கறொர்க்குக்
கக ற்ற பேய்க துணிவு." (குறள் 471)
English:
“Right judgment in decision-making brings prosperity, while rash decisions bring ruin.”
Explanation:
Life requires sound judgment and critical thinking. Good decisions are the foundation of
success in career, family, and governance.
Example (Today):
A company that invests wisely in sustainable technology ensures long-term profits while rash
investments often cause business failure.
Conclusion
The Thirukkural is a timeless guidebook for life skills. Its teachings on truth, discipline,
compassion, leadership, forgiveness, perseverance, and decision-making are highly relevant
in the 21st century’s digital, competitive, and globalized environment.
By applying Thiruvalluvar’s wisdom, individuals can develop essential life skills that ensure
personal growth, professional success, and social harmony.

22. THE IMPORTANCE OF TIMELESS VALUES IN THE DIGITAL AGE
In today’s digital age, life is shaped by rapid technological changes, artificial intelligence,
globalization, and social media. While technology enhances communication and productivity,
it also brings challenges such as misinformation, cybercrime, online fraud, and weakened
human relationships.
In such an environment, timeless values—like truth, honesty, compassion, respect, fairness,
and responsibility—serve as a moral compass. They guide individuals, businesses, and
societies in navigating the uncertainties of the digital world.
Importance of Timeless Values in the Digital Age
1. Truth and Integrity in Online Communication
• In a world of fake news, manipulated images, and misinformation, truthfulness is
essential.
• Example: Journalists and digital content creators following integrity prevent
misinformation from spreading.
2. Respect and Digital Etiquette
• Social media often leads to cyberbullying, trolling, and disrespectful communication.
• Respect as a timeless value promotes healthy digital interactions.
• Example: Companies that maintain respectful online branding win customer loyalty.

3. Compassion and Empathy in a Virtual World
• Online interactions can feel impersonal, leading to insensitivity.
• Practicing compassion ensures empathy toward co-workers in remote setups and
online communities.
• Example: Online mental health platforms show compassion by providing 24/7 support
for stressed individuals.
4. Responsibility in Digital Usage
• Technology misuse (plagiarism, hacking, identity theft) damages society.
• Practicing responsibility in sharing content, using AI ethically, and protecting privacy
ensures trust.
• Example: A responsible business ensures customer data security rather than misusing
it for profit.

23. 5. Fairness in Digital Business Practices
• E-commerce and gig platforms must ensure fairness in pricing, wages, and
transparency.
• Example: Fair policies by companies like Google and Apple on data privacy enhance
credibility.
6. Self-Discipline in Digital Consumption
• The digital age often leads to distractions, addiction, and overuse of social media.
• Discipline helps individuals balance screen time, focus on priorities, and use
technology productively.
• Example: Students practicing digital discipline improve learning instead of wasting
hours online.
Analytical View
• Without timeless values, digital progress may lead to ethical decline (e.g.,
cybercrime, fake news, AI misuse).
• With timeless values, technology becomes a force for good, ensuring trust,
collaboration, and sustainable growth.
• Values act as anchors of stability in a rapidly changing digital environment.
Conclusion
The digital age has transformed how we live, work, and connect, but it has also created new
ethical challenges. Timeless values—truth, respect, compassion, fairness, and responsibility—
remain as relevant as ever. They provide the ethical foundation for digital literacy, cyber ethics,
and responsible innovation.
By upholding timeless values in the digital era, we ensure that technology serves humanity,
rather than humanity becoming enslaved by technology.
THE CONCEPT OF "VALUE SYSTEM" IN BUSINESS ETHICS
In business ethics, a value system refers to the set of principles, beliefs, and standards that
guide the behavior of individuals and organizations. It is the moral compass that shapes
decisions, policies, and actions within a company.
A strong value system ensures that a business not only seeks profit but also operates with
integrity, fairness, and responsibility toward employees, customers, society, and the
environment.

24. Concept of Value System in Business
1. Definition:
o A value system is an organized set of ethical priorities—truth, fairness, respect,
accountability, and social responsibility—that guide how a business interacts
with stakeholders.
2. Nature:
o It is collective (shared by the organization) and individual (followed by leaders
and employees).
o It influences corporate culture, leadership styles, and decision-making.
3. Role in Business Ethics:
o Provides a framework for ethical decision-making.
o Ensures consistency in behavior across the organization.
o Helps balance profit-making with social responsibility.
Components of a Business Value System
• Integrity & Honesty: Truth in communication, transparency in transactions.
• Fairness & Justice: Equal opportunities for employees, fair trade practices.
• Accountability: Owning responsibility for actions and outcomes.
• Respect for Stakeholders: Valuing customers, employees, suppliers, and society.
• Sustainability: Caring for the environment and future generations.
Examples of Value System in Business
1. Tata Group (India): Known for its ethics, philanthropy, and social responsibility;
follows a value system where customer trust and employee welfare are as important
as profits.
2. Google: Its emphasis on innovation, openness, and user focus reflects a value system
that encourages creativity while upholding responsibility in technology.
3. Unethical Example – Enron Scandal: The collapse of Enron highlighted the
consequences of a weak or corrupted value system, where greed and manipulation
overshadowed ethics, leading to bankruptcy and loss of trust.
Illustration
Think of a tree:
• Roots = Values (honesty, fairness, responsibility)
• Trunk = Ethical framework of the organization

25. • Branches & Fruits = Actions, policies, and decisions
If the roots (value system) are strong, the tree (business) grows healthy and bears good fruits
(long-term success and trust). If the roots are weak, the tree collapses, no matter how big it
looks.
RELATING TWO WELL-KNOWN WESTERN PERSONALITIES FAMOUS FOR THEIR VALUE
SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS ETHICS
In the Western world, several business leaders have stood out not only for their financial
success but also for their strong value systems in leadership, innovation, and corporate ethics.
Their practices show how values such as integrity, social responsibility, and fairness form the
foundation of sustainable business success.
Two Western Personalities and Their Value Systems
1. Warren Buffett (USA – Berkshire Hathaway)
• Core Values: Integrity, Transparency, Long-Term Responsibility.
• Value System in Business Ethics:
o Known as the “Oracle of Omaha,” Buffett insists that honesty and trust are non-
negotiable in business.
o Believes in long-term sustainability rather than short-term profits.
o Advocates for simplicity, fairness, and responsibility in financial dealings.
• Example:
o Buffett refused to engage in speculative practices that led many companies into
crisis during the 2008 financial meltdown.
o He emphasizes hiring managers with integrity over mere technical skills: “It
takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.”
• Relevance Today: His ethical approach shows how value-driven investment fosters
trust and credibility in financial markets.
2. Howard Schultz (USA – Starbucks)
• Core Values: Social Responsibility, Fairness, Respect for Employees.
• Value System in Business Ethics:
o Schultz built Starbucks not just as a coffee business but as a community-
oriented company.
o Focused on employee welfare, providing healthcare, stock options, and fair
wages even for part-time workers.

26. o Advocated ethical sourcing, ensuring farmers in developing countries are
treated fairly (Fair Trade practices).
• Example:
o During the 2008 recession, while many companies cut employee benefits,
Schultz maintained Starbucks’ healthcare coverage, showing commitment to
people over profits.
o Introduced “Race Together” campaign to create social awareness about racial
issues in the U.S.
• Relevance Today: Schultz’s value system shows that compassion and fairness in
business build strong employee loyalty and customer trust.
THE CONCEPT OF VALUE-BASED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
A Value-Based Management System (VBM) is an approach where an organization is guided
not only by financial performance but also by a set of shared values that drive decision-
making, employee behavior, and stakeholder relationships.
In an age where businesses are judged by ethics, sustainability, and corporate social
responsibility, embedding VBM into organizational culture ensures both profitability and
trust.
Application of VBM in Organizational Culture
1. Defining Core Values
• Organizations must identify values such as integrity, fairness, respect, innovation,
accountability, and social responsibility.
• Application: A company like Google emphasizes “innovation” and “user-first” values
in its culture, which influences product design and customer trust.
2. Embedding Values in Leadership
• Leaders set the tone for ethical behavior by practicing transparency and accountability.
• Application: In Tata Group, leadership reflects integrity and social responsibility,
creating an ethical organizational climate.
3. Integrating Values into Decision-Making
• Business strategies and policies must align with the defined values.
• Application: A company committed to sustainability will choose eco-friendly suppliers
even if costs are higher, reinforcing a culture of responsibility.
4. Employee Alignment and Engagement

27. • Employees are trained and encouraged to live by organizational values in daily work.
• Application: Starbucks trains employees to value customer respect and inclusivity,
ensuring the brand experience remains consistent worldwide.
5. Rewarding Value-Based Behavior
• Recognition and incentives should reward employees who demonstrate ethical and
value-driven actions.
• Application: Many firms include ethics and teamwork as criteria in performance
appraisals, not just sales or output.
6. Building Trust with Stakeholders
• Values guide how companies interact with customers, suppliers, communities, and
investors.
• Application: Patagonia (USA) integrates environmental values into its culture,
ensuring transparency with customers about sustainability practices.
Benefits of Applying VBM in Organizational Culture
• Consistency: Creates a shared identity across all levels.
• Trust: Builds strong relationships with customers and communities.
• Sustainability: Encourages long-term decision-making over short-term gains.
• Employee Morale: Motivates employees through purpose-driven work.
• Reputation: Strengthens corporate image and competitive advantage.
COMPARISON OF COVEY’S HABITS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IN REAL LIFE
Habit Meaning Effectiveness in Real
Life
Example
1. Be Proactive Take responsibility
for your actions
instead of blaming
others.
Builds accountability,
self-confidence, and
control over life.
An employee takes
initiative to solve a
customer issue
instead of waiting for
instructions.
2. Begin with the
End in Mind
Define clear goals and
vision before acting.
Provides direction,
reduces confusion,
aligns actions with
values.
A student preparing
for civil services
creates a 5-year

28. study plan aligned
with career goals.
3. Put First
Things First
Prioritize important
tasks over urgent
distractions.
Improves productivity,
time management, and
stress control.
A manager spends
time on strategic
planning instead of
just replying to daily
emails.
4. Think Win-
Win
Seek solutions where
all parties benefit.
Builds trust,
strengthens
relationships, avoids
conflicts.
A business negotiates
with suppliers to
reduce costs while
ensuring fair wages
for workers.
5. Seek First to
Understand,
Then to Be
Understood
Listen empathetically
before expressing
your views.
Enhances
communication,
reduces conflicts,
improves
collaboration.
A leader listens to
employee grievances
fully before
suggesting solutions.
6. Synergize Combine strengths
through teamwork
and collaboration.
Encourages creativity,
innovation, and better
solutions.
A cross-functional
team of engineers
and marketers
develops a successful
new product.
7. Sharpen the
Saw
Regularly renew
yourself physically,
mentally,
emotionally, and
spiritually.
Prevents burnout,
enhances long-term
effectiveness, and
maintains balance.
An executive
practices yoga, reads,
and spends time with
family to stay
refreshed.

THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN USING PRINCIPLES FROM RAMAYANA
The Ramayana highlights the lives of Rama, Sita, Hanuman, Lakshmana, and others, each
embodying qualities that contribute to holistic personality development. These qualities—

29. integrity, discipline, courage, compassion, humility, and resilience—are timeless values that
can help individuals develop a strong personality suited for today’s challenges in education,
career, and leadership.
Key Personality Development Plan Using Principles from the Ramayana
1. Integrity and Truthfulness (Rama’s Character)
• Principle: Lord Rama upheld dharma (righteousness) even when it caused personal
suffering (accepting exile to honor his father’s promise).
• Personality Skill: Build integrity, honesty, and credibility in personal and professional
life.
• Application Today: Always honor commitments in studies, career, and relationships,
even under pressure.
2. Discipline and Dedication (Lakshmana’s Service)
• Principle: Lakshmana followed Rama into exile and served him with unwavering
dedication and discipline.
• Personality Skill: Focus, discipline, and loyalty are essential for success.
• Application Today: Stay committed to long-term goals (e.g., preparing for competitive
exams, building a career).
3. Devotion and Selfless Service (Hanuman’s Loyalty)
• Principle: Hanuman’s devotion to Rama made him a symbol of strength, courage, and
humility.
• Personality Skill: Selfless service, courage, and problem-solving ability.
• Application Today: Approach work with loyalty and dedication, helping teams achieve
goals without ego.
4. Patience and Sacrifice (Sita’s Endurance)
• Principle: Sita endured exile and captivity with patience, inner strength, and
unwavering faith.
• Personality Skill: Resilience, patience, and emotional strength in facing life’s
challenges.
• Application Today: Develop mental strength to withstand stress in career,
relationships, or failures.

30. 5. Leadership and Responsibility (Rama as a King)
• Principle: As a leader, Rama prioritized his kingdom’s welfare over personal happiness
(sending Sita away for public trust).
• Personality Skill: Accountability, fairness, and servant leadership.
• Application Today: A manager/leader must take responsibility for both successes and
failures of the team.
6. Wisdom and Strategic Thinking (Vibhishana’s Guidance)
• Principle: Vibhishana guided Rama with wise counsel during the war against Ravana.
• Personality Skill: Analytical thinking, decision-making, and ethical advice.
• Application Today: In business or academics, always analyze situations before taking
crucial decisions.
7. Humility and Simplicity (Rama’s Exile Life)
• Principle: Despite being a prince, Rama lived humbly during exile and treated everyone
with respect.
• Personality Skill: Humility, simplicity, and respect for all.
• Application Today: Stay humble in success and treat colleagues, juniors, and society
with respect.
Personality Development Plan (Summary Table)
Ramayana Principle Personality Skill Application Today
Rama’s integrity Honesty, credibility Keeping promises in work & life
Lakshmana’s
discipline
Focus, dedication Commitment to studies, career
goals
Hanuman’s loyalty Courage, service Teamwork & selfless contribution
Sita’s patience Resilience, emotional
strength
Coping with stress & challenges
Rama’s leadership Accountability, fairness Ethical leadership in organizations
Vibhishana’s wisdom Decision-making Ethical guidance in business &
family
Rama’s humility Simplicity, respect Staying grounded despite success

31. Conclusion
The Ramayana offers a timeless personality development framework. By practicing Rama’s
integrity, Lakshmana’s discipline, Hanuman’s loyalty, Sita’s patience, and Vibhishana’s wisdom,
individuals can develop balanced personalities—ethically strong, emotionally resilient, and
socially responsible.
In the modern era, where people face stress, competition, and ethical dilemmas, the
Ramayana’s principles help us grow into effective leaders, responsible citizens, and
compassionate human beings.
CASE STUDY SHOWING CONFLICT RESOLUTION USING SIX THINKING HATS
Case Study: Conflict Resolution at a Software Company
Background
At TechSolutions Pvt. Ltd., two departments (Sales and Development) faced serious conflict:
• The Sales team wanted to promise clients quick delivery to secure new contracts.
• The Development team argued that unrealistic deadlines led to poor quality and
employee burnout.
Tensions escalated, causing missed targets, low morale, and strained communication.
Management decided to use Six Thinking Hats to resolve the conflict.
Applying Six Thinking Hats
1. White Hat (Facts and Data)
• Collected project timelines, delivery records, customer complaints, and employee
overtime data.
• Finding: 60% of deadlines were missed, and customer complaints increased by 35%.
2. Red Hat (Emotions and Intuition)
• Sales team expressed frustration: “We’re losing clients if we don’t promise fast
delivery.”
• Development team felt exploited: “We’re stressed and unmotivated by unrealistic
timelines.”
• Impact: Acknowledged emotional burnout and pressure from both sides.
3. Black Hat (Caution and Risks)
• Risk of employee resignations due to overwork.
• Risk of customer dissatisfaction from delayed or poor-quality software.
• Risk of company’s reputation being damaged in the market.

32. 4. Yellow Hat (Optimism and Benefits)
• Delivering realistic timelines would improve product quality.
• Happier employees = higher productivity.
• Transparent communication with clients could build long-term trust.
5. Green Hat (Creativity and Alternatives)
• Proposed tiered project delivery model:
o Standard delivery (longer, with premium quality).
o Express delivery (higher fees, extra resources for urgent clients).
• Suggested buffer time in every project to handle unexpected challenges.
• Idea to use automation tools to speed up repetitive coding tasks.
6. Blue Hat (Process Control)
• Moderator summarized discussions and created an action plan:
o Sales will no longer overpromise timelines.
o Development will provide realistic estimates with buffer.
o Management will invest in automation tools.
o Both teams will meet weekly to align expectations.
Outcome
• Conflict reduced as both teams felt heard and respected.
• New tiered delivery model balanced customer needs with developer workload.
• Employee morale improved, turnover reduced, and customer satisfaction increased.
• Within 6 months, on-time delivery rate improved by 40%, and complaints dropped by
25%.
Conclusion
This case study shows how the Six Thinking Hats method transforms conflict from a heated
argument into a structured, collaborative problem-solving process. By separating emotions,
facts, risks, optimism, creativity, and process, the company achieved a balanced resolution
that benefited employees, customers, and long-term business growth.

33. REFERENCES
▪ “Thirukkural – Universal Code of Ethics” – Government of Tamil Nadu portal:
http://www.tn.gov.in/literature/thirukkural
▪ “Relevance of Thirukkural in Modern Times” – ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326871276_Relevance_of_Thirukkural_in_
Modern_Times
▪ “Management Lessons from Ramayana” – Inflibnet e-content:
https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/hrmp01/chapter/246
▪ “Leadership Lessons from Ramayana” – Indian School of Image:
https://indianschoolofimage.com/2021/10/13/leadership-lessons-from-ramayana-
from-a-being-to-a-brand
▪ “Leadership Lessons from Lord Rama” – LinkedIn article:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/leadership-lessons-from-quintessential-leader-lord-
rama-das-jain-73kyc
▪ Covey, S. R. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (1989, Free Press). (Official book
reference)
▪ Summary article – FranklinCovey official site:
https://www.franklincovey.com/the-7-habits
▪ BusinessBalls summary of Covey’s Habits:
https://www.businessballs.com/self-management/stephen-covey-seven-habits
▪ Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats – Creately Guide:
https://creately.com/guides/what-are-the-six-thinking-hats
▪ “Examples of Six Thinking Hats in Business” – Santander Open Academy:
https://www.santanderopenacademy.com/en/blog/6-thinking-hats-technique-
examples-of-use.html
▪ “Problem Solving with Six Hats” – GroupMap:
https://www.groupmap.com/portfolio/six-thinking-hats
▪ Crane, A. & Matten, D. Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and
Sustainability in the Age of Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2016).
▪ “Value-Based Management” – Investopedia:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/value-based-management.asp
▪ “Importance of Values in Business Ethics” – ResearchGate paper:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343441773_Values_and_Business_Ethics
▪ “Warren Buffett’s Management and Ethics” – Investopedia:
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-advisors/032216/5-investing-
principles-warren-buffett.asp

34. ▪ “Howard Schultz’s Leadership Principles at Starbucks” – Forbes:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2017/04/03/howard-schultz-leadership-
lessons
▪ “Ethics in the Digital Age” – OECD Digital Economy Papers:
https://www.oecd.org/digital/ethics-in-the-digital-age.pdf
▪ “Timeless Values in Technology and Society” – IEEE Spectrum:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/ethics-and-technology