C1 key word transformation made easy preview

This book has been written to help students prepare for the Key Word Transformation part of the Use of English paper (grammar) of the Cambridge English: C1 Advanced exam.

It will give you a good understanding of the different grammatical structures commonly used in this part of the Use of English test, e.g. passive - active voice , impersonal passive, conditional sentences , inverted conditionals, inversions, set phrases, comparative-superlative, causative verbs, phrasal verbs, linking words, etc.

If you want to learn how to do Key word transformation exercises effectively, this book is for you.

1. 1

2. 2
Whileeveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthis
book,thepublisherassumesnoresponsibilityforerrorsor
omissions,orfordamagesresultingfromtheuseofthe
informationcontainedherein.
FCEKEYWORDTRANSFORMATIONMADEEASY
Secondedition.June23,2020
Copyright©2020D.Méndez.
WrittenbyD.Méndez.
ISBN:9781506665977
www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com
Nopartofthecontentsofthisbookmaybereproducedorusedinany
formorbyanymeanswithoutthewrittenpermissionoftheauthor,
exceptinthecaseofbriefquotationsembodiedincriticalarticlesand
reviews

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
TheKeywordtransformationtestsawiderangeofdifferentgrammaticalstructuresand
vocabulary.Youmustshowyourabilitytoparaphraseusingthekeywordand,most
importantly,keepingthemeaningthesame.
Thedifficultyliesonthegreatvarietyofgrammaticalstructuresthatyouneedtolearnin
ordertodothispartoftheUseofEnglishexamsuccessfully.
Youwillberequiredtousestructuressuchaspassivetenses,conditionalclauses,reported
speech,causativeverbs,invertedsentences,comparativesandsuperlatives,phrasalverbs,
idioms,setphrases,etc.Thebookthatyouhaveinfrontofyouwillhelpyouwiththat.
Thisbookwillhelpyougetabetterunderstandingofthedifferentandmostcommon
grammaticalstructures,thatyouwillhavetofacewhencompletingtheKeyword
transformationpartoftheUseofEnglishexam.
Astheysay,practicemakesperfect.ThemoreKeywordtransformationexercisesyoudo,the
betteryouwillbecomeatdoingthem.What’smore,overtimeyouwillgetafeelforwhat
kindofgrammaticalstructureorlexicalitemisneededfortheexercisethatyouaredoing.
Toyoursuccess.
D.Méndez

4. 4
CONTENTS.
5.HOWTODOKEYWORDTRANSFORMATIONEXERCISES
7.SPECULATINGABOUTTHEPRESENT
8.SPECULATINGABOUTTHEPAST
9.AGOtoFOR/FORtoAGO/LAST
AGOtoSINCE/SINCEtoAGO-SINCEtoFOR/FORtoSINCE
TOOtoENOUGH/ENOUGHtoTOO
10.REPORTEDSPEECH
11.ACTIVEVERBFORMtoPASSIVEVERBFORM
12.INVERTEDSENTENCES
13.CONDITIONALSENTENCES
14.INVERTEDCONDITIONALS
15.ADJECTIVESEDtoING/INGtoED
16.COMPARATIVE–SUPERLATIVE
17.COMPARATIVESTRUCTURES-ADVERBS
18.PHRASETOVERB-VERBTOPHRASE
19.PHRASETOPHRASE
20.COLLOCATIONS
21.CAUSEANDEFFECT
22.EXPRESSION-DEFINITION/DEFINITION-EXPRESSION
23.CAUSATIVEVERBS
24.PHRASALVERBS
25.PHRASALVERBS-C1LEVEL(LIST)
27.PHRASALPREPOSITIONALVERBS
29.SETPHRASES
30.COMMONC1LEVELPHRASES
31.VERBSFOLLOWEDBYATO-INFINITIVE
32.VERBSFOLLOWEDBYGERUND(ING)
33.NEGATIVEWORDS
34.MODALVERBS
35.IDIOMS
36.PREPOSITIONALVERBS
37.UNREALPASTTENSES
38.VERBPATTERNS
40.FORMALSTRUCTURES
41.SENTENCESREQUIRINGTWOCHANGES
42.ADJECTIVETONOUN/NOUNTOADJECTIVE
43.VERBTONOUN/NOUNTOVERB
44.LINKINGWORDS
46.PHRASES/PARAPHRASING
51.45MOSTCOMMONIDIOMS
54.45MOSTCOMMONSETPHRASES
57.PREPOSITIONALVERBS(LIST)
62.KEYWORDTRANSFORMATION-PRACTICEEXERCISES
65.ANSWERS

5. 5
HOWTODOKEYWORD
TRANSFORMATIONEXERCISES
STEP1:READBOTHSENTENCESANDUNDERLINEDUPLICATEINFORMATION.
EXAMPLE:Mostpeoplethesedaysfeellostwithouttheirmobilephones.
IDEA
Mostpeoplethesedayshavenoideahowtomanagewithouttheirmobilephones.
STEP2:LOOKATTHEKEYWORDGIVEN.
WHATISIT?
ISITANOUN,PREPOSITION,ADVERB,CONJUNCTION,VERBCONJUGATED,?
ISITUSEDINANYCOMMONSETPHRASES,PHRASALVERBS,COLLOCATIONS?
STEP3:USINGTHEKEYWORD,THINKOFAWAYTOPARAPHRASETHEPARTTHATYOUHAVE
NOTUNDERLINED
Isthekeywordpartofaphrasalverb,asetphrase,apassivesentence?
Youneedtodecidewhatpartofspeechthekeywordis,andwhatcangowithit.
Thinkaboutwhatthequestiontestsandallthechangesyouneedtomake.
Checkyouhaven’tleftoutoraddedanyinformation.
KEYWORD TYPE POSSIBLEANSWER
ALONE- ADJ LETALONE
ALWAYS– ADV ALWAYSASKINGME
APART- ADV FROM
CHANCE– NOUN HAVEEVERYCHANCETO
DESERVE– VERB(infinitive) DESERVETOBE
DO– VERB(infinitive) DOSTHUP
DOWN– ADV TAKESTHDOWN
EXCEPTION– NOUN WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOF
FOR– PREP HAVEN’TSEENHIMFOR
GOOD– ADJ BEGOODATDOINGSTH
HABIT– NOUN BEINTHEHABITOF
HEARD- VERB(P.PERFECT/PAST) HEARDFROMSB
HOW- ADV KNOWHOWTODO
IS- VERB(PRESENT) ITISMORE
LESS– PRONOUN,ADVERB,PREP ISLESSTHAN
LET– VERB(PRESENT/PAST) LETSBDOWN
LITTLE– ADJ ALITTLESLOWER
LOOKED- VERB(P.PERFECT/PAST) LOOKEDUPTO
MOOD– NOUN BEINTHEMOODTO
SAYING– NOUN/Verb(gerund) ITGOESWITHOUTSAYING
SETTLE– VERB(infinitive) SETTLEDOWNIN
STRIKE- VERB(infinitive) STRIKEYOUAS
SUCH– DETERMINER/PRONOUN/NOUNSUCHWASTHEFORCEOF
SWIMMER– NOUN ABETTERSWIMMERTHAN
TIDY– VERB(infinitive) TIDYSTHUP
TOO– ADV TOOEXPENSIVE
TURNED– VERB(P.PERFECT/PAST) TURNEDDOWN
UP– ADV PICKSTH/SBUP
WIDELY– ADV KNOWN

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CONDITIONALSENTENCES
ZeroAlwaystrue: Simplepresent+Simplepresent
1stApossibilityandthepossibleresult:Simplepresent+Simplefuture
2ndAhypotheticalpossibilityanditspossibleresult:
Simplepast/PresentconditionalORPresentcontinuousconditional
3rdAnhypotheticalpastconditionitspossibleresultinthepast:
Pastperfect+Perfectconditional
ConditionalConjunctions:
Aslongas/solongas/provided(that)/on(the)conditionthat/unless/onlyif/
If/intheeventof/incaseof,etc/WOULD,WERE,IF,BECAUSE,SHOULD.
Youarenotallowedtostayinthecountryunlessyougetavisa.
ONLY
Youcan...onlystayinthe.....countryifyougetavisa.Zero
Iwon'twashthedishesunlessyouhelpme.
LONG
I'llwashthedishes...aslongasyou....helpme. 1st
I’lllendyoumoneyonconditionthatyoupaymebacknextweek.
IF
Only...ifyoupaymeback...nextweekwillIlendyoumoney.1st
I'lldotheironing,ifyoutidyuptheroom.
PROVIDED
I'lldotheironing...providedthatyou...tidyuptheroom.1st
Ithinkyoushouldaskthebossforapayrise.
WERE
If...IwereyouIwould....askthebossforapayrise. 2nd
Iwouldliketobuyabran-newcar,butIneedtowinthelottery.
WOULD
IfI....wonthelotteryIwould...buyabrand-newcar. 2nd
You'reangrybecauseyouseemtocarewhatshethinksaboutyou.
YOU
If..youdidn’tcare...whatshethinksaboutyou,youwouldn'tbeangry.2ndneg
IdiditbecauseIthoughtitwouldbeinteresting.
DONE
I...wouldn’thavedoneit..ifIhadthoughtitwasn’tinteresting.3rd
OnceIreadhisletter,Iunderstoodwhyhehadleftthecompany.
ONLY
It....wasonlyafterIhadread...hisletterthatIunderstoodwhyhehadleftthecompany.
Keywords:
WOULD,WERE,IF,BECAUSE,SHOULD,LONG,AS,ONLY,PROVIDED,CONDITION,UNLESS,EVENT,CASE.

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INVERTEDCONDITIONALS
SHOULD-1
st
CONDITIONAL Ifyou+verb=shouldyou+verb
Ifyouneedmoreinformation,pleasedonothesitatetocontactme.
Shouldyouneedmoreinformation,pleasedonothesitatetocontactme.
WERE-2
nd
CONDITIONAL IfIwere=WereI
IfIwereyou,IthinkIwouldstudymoreforyourexamtomorrow.
WereIyou,IthinkIwouldstudymoreforyourexamtomorrow.
HAD-3
rd
CONDITIONAL IfIhaddone=HadIdone
IfIhadknownitwouldbesoeasy,Iwouldhavedoneitagesago.
HadIknownitwouldbesoeasy,Iwouldhavedoneitagesago.
Innegativeclauseswithinversion,wedon'tusecontractedforms:
Hadthepeoplenotbeeninformed,thesituationwouldhavebeenmuchworse.
ADVANCEDCONDITIONALS
BUTFOR(phrase)=ifitwerenotfor/ifithadnotbeenfor
Usedforsayingthatsomethingwouldhavehappenedifsomethingelseorsomeonehadnot
preventedit.
Hewouldhaveplayedbutforakneeinjury.
IF+WERETO
Informalsituations,wecanuseif+weretowhenwetalkaboutthingsthatmighthappenbutwhich
wethinkareunlikely.
Ifheweretofailhisdrivingtesttomorrow,hewouldhavetotakeitagain.
Ifyouappliednow,there'sagoodchanceyouwouldgetthejob.
APPLY
Were......youtoapplynow........,there'sagoodchanceyouwouldgetthejob.
Ididn'tknowaboutyourproblemsoIdidn'toffertohelp.
KNOWN
Had...Iknownaboutyourproblem....,Iwouldhaveofferedtohelp.
Ididn’tcrashthecarthankstoyourwarning.
BUT
Iwould............havecrashedthecarbutfor............yourwarning.
Thesnowpreventedusfromarrivingontime.
BEEN
Wewouldhavearrivedontime....haditnotbeenfor/ifithadnotbeenfor....thesnow.
Thereisaphoneineachroom,incaseyouwanttoleaveearlier.
SHOULD
Thereisaphoneineachroomshouldyouwanttoleave/ifyoushouldwanttoleaveearlier.

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10. 10
CAUSEANDEFFECT
Resultfrom,resultin,causesomeonetodosomething,becausedbysth,leadtosth,bring
somethingabout,havetheeffectof,asaresultof,asaconsequenceof,owingto,onthe
groundsof,because,betoblamedforsth,etc.
MyneckfeelsmuchbettersinceIboughtthatnewpillow.
REFUND
Buyingthatnewpillow...hasresultedinmyneckfeeling...muchbetter.
Productionwasverylow,sotheydecidedtoclosedownthefactory.
RESULTED
Theclosureofthefactory...resultedfromproductionbeing...verylow.
Helosthisjobbecausehewasn’tefficient.
GROUNDS
Helosthisjob...onthegroundsof...hisinefficiency.
Icouldn’tfinishtherace,becauseIinjuredmyankle.
PREVENTED
I....waspreventedfromfinishing...theracebyaninjurytomyankle.
Becauseofitsanti-inflammatoryproperties,gingerhelpstokeepmouthtissuehealthy.
EFFECT
Gingerhas...theeffectofhelping...tokeepmouthtissuehealthybecauseofitsanti-
inflammatoryproperties
Theaccidentwascausedbysevereweatherconditions.
BLAME
Severeweatherconditions...weretoblamefor...theaccident.
Heartdiseasecanbecausedbyprolongedstress.
LEAD
Prolongedstresscan...leadtoillnesssuch...asheartdisease.
Keywords:Nouns(effect,consequence,grounds,etc.)
Verbs(caused,lead,bring,owingto,resulted,etc,)
Conjunctions/adverbs(because,dueto,since,as,so,therefore,etc.)

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12. 12
VERBSFOLLOWEDBYATO-INFINITIVE
ADVISE,AFFORD,AGREE,APPEAR,ARRANGE,ASK,ATTEMPT,BEG,CAN/CAN’T,CAN/CAN’T,WAIT,CARE,CHANCE,
CHOOSE,CLAIM,COME,CONSENT,DARE,DECIDE,DEMAND,DESERVE,DETERMINE,ELECT,ENDEAVOR,EXPECT,
FAIL,FORGET,GET,GROW(UP),GUARANTEE,HATE,HELP,HESITATE,HOPE,HURRY,INCLINE,INTEND,LEARN,LIKE
LOVE,MANAGE,MEAN(=INTEND),NEED,NEGLECT,OFFER,OUT,PAY,PLAN,PREFER,PREPARE,PRETEND,
PROFESS,PROMISE,PROVE,REFUSE,REMAIN,REMEMBER,REQUEST,RESOLVE,SAY,SEEK,SEEM,SHUDDER
STRIVE,STRUGGLE,SWEAR,TEND,THREATEN,TRY,TURN,VENTURE,VOLUNTEER,WAIT,WANT,WISH,WOULD
LIKE/LOVE,YEARN
HisGPadvisedhimagainstdrinkingalcohol.
NOT
HisGPadvisedhim...nottodrink...alcohol.
Heactedasifhehadnotseenme.
PRETENDED
He...pretendednottohaveseen...me.
WearethinkingaboutgoingtoLondonnextmonth.
TO
Weare...planningtogoto...Londonnextmonth.
Hesaidthathewouldhelpwiththeproject.
PROMISED
He...promisedtohelp...withtheproject.
Hesaidhewouldlendmesomemoney.
AGREED
Hehas...agreedtolend...mesomemoney.
Peopleneedtoacquirenewskills.
IMPORTANT
It’s...importantforpeopletoacquire...newskills.
I’mlookingforwardtovisitingyounextmonth.
WAIT
I...can’twaittovisit...younextmonth.
tellinghimthatthemeetinghasbencancelled.
TELL
I...forgottotellhimthat....themeetinghasbeencancelled.
Aftersixyearsoftraining,hebecamereallygoodatplayingtennis.
LEARNT
He...learnttoplaytennisreallywell...,aftersixyearsoftraining.

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VERBSFOLLOWEDBYGERUND(ING)
ABHOR,ACKNOWLEDGE,ADMIT,ADVISE,ALLOW,ANTICIPATE,APPRECIATE,AVOID,BEWORTH,CAN’THELP,
CELEBRATE,CONFESS,CONSIDER,DEFEND,DELAY,DENY,DETEST,DISCONTINUE,DISCUSS,DISLIKE,DISPUTE,
DREAD,ENDURE,ENJOY,EVADE,EXPLAIN,FANCY,FEAR,FEEL,LIKE,FEIGN,FINISH,FORGIVE,GIVEUP(STOP),
HELP,KEEP(CONTINUE),MENTION,MIND(OBJECTTO),MISS,NECESSITATE,OMIT,PERMIT,PICTURE,
POSTPONE,PRACTICE,PREVENT,RECALL,RECOLLECT,RECOMMEND,REGRET,REPORT,RESENT,RESIST,
RESUME,RISK,SHIRK,SHUN,STOP,SUGGEST,SUPPORT,TOLERATE,UNDERSTAND,URGE,WARRANT.
Hesaidhedidn’tstealthecar.
DENIED
He..deniedstealing/havingstolen...thecar
Shesaidshewastheonewhohadmadethemistake.
ADMITTED
She...admittedmaking/havingmade..themistake
IfonlyIhadnotwaitedforsolong.
REGRET
I...regrethavingwaited/waitingforsolong.
Itrynotoeattoolateatnight.
AVOID
Itry...toavoideating...toolateatnight.
Whenthewallisfinished,I’llletyouknow.
FINISH
When...Ifinishpaintingthewall...,I’llletyouknow.
Hebarelymanagednottoberunoverbyabus.
ESCAPED
He...barelyescaped(from)beingrun...overbyabus.
IsitOKifIsmokehere?
MIND
Do...youmindme/mysmoking...here?
Iliketoplayfootballattheweekend.
ENJOY
I...enjoyplaying...footballattheweekend.
IfinditdifficultnottolaugheverytimeIrememberwhathappened.
HELP
I...can’thelplaughing...everytimeIrememberwhathappened.
KEYWORDS:
Deny,admit,regret,stop,prevent,cannothelp,enjoy,mind,escape,finish,avoid,etc.

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15. 15
NEGATIVEWORDS
No,not,neither,never,hardly,noone,nobody,none,nor,nothing,nowhere:
They’venevertriedapplepiebefore.
Nobodyhelpedmetodothedishes.
Noneofmyfriendscametotheparty.
Therewasnofoodleftinthefridge.
SusanismuchmoreinterestingthanJane.
NOTHING
Janeis......nothinglikeasinteresting.....asSusan.
Therearemanyothergirlsthatarejustasbeautifulassheis.
ANY
Sheisn’t....anymorebeautifulthan......mostothergirls.
Ionlyjustmanagedtopasstheexam.
HARDLY
I...hardlymanagedto...passtheexam.
Youcan’texpecttopassyourexamifyoudon’tstudy.
HARDLY
You...canhardlyexpect...topassyourexam,ifyoudon’tstudy.
ItsodarkintheroomthatIalmostcouldn'tseeanything.
BARELY
ItwassodarkintheroomthatI..couldbarelyseeanything.
Julieandhehusbanddon'tlikeplayingchess.
NOR
Neither...Julienorherhusband...likeplayingchess..
LearningJudoandBJJissimilarintermsofdifficulty.
MORE
LearningJudois...nomoredifficultthan...learningBJJ.
Yourcomputerisn’tnearlyasgoodasmine.
NEAR
YourComputer...isnowherenearas...goodasmine.
Idon’twantanybodytooverhearwhatI’msaying..
NOBODY
I...wantnobodytooverhear...whatI’msaying.
KEYWORDS:as..as,muchmore,almost,nearly,anybody,ever,similar,can’texpect,onlyjust,
isn’tnearlyas,anyone,anything/Notanything:nothing/Any:no
Anybody,anyone:noone,nobody/Notever:never/Notany:none

16. 16
MODALVERBS
Can,could,may,might,shall,should,will,would
MODALAUXILIARYVERBS:haveto,oughtto,need,usedto,dare
Itis(not)agoodidea:Youshould/shouldn’t/oughtto/oughtnotto
Itwascarelessof(you):Youshouldn’t/yououghtnotto
Itwasnotnecessary:Youneedn’thave+pastparticiple
Youcan’t:Youmustn’t/youarenotallowed
Shecouldn’t:Shewasnotableto...
Theywereexpectedto:Theyshouldhave...
IfIwereyouIwould/wouldn’t:Youshould-shouldn’t/youought(not)to
Youarenotallowedtosmokeindoorsatanytime.
MUST
You...mustn’tsmoke..indoorsatanytime.
Ididthedishesbyhand,whichwasn’tnecessarysincetherewasadishwasher.
HAVE
I..needn’thavewashedthedishesbyhandsincetherewasadishwasher.
Thereisagoodchanceofhimwinningagoldmedalverysoon.
WIN
He...couldwina...goldmedalverysoon.
Theteacherwillexpectyoutoarriveontimeforclass.
HAVE
You..willhavetoarriveontimeforclass.
Youshouldstopsmoking.
TO
You...oughttostop...smoking.
Shewasn’tabletospeakGermanuntilshetookanintensivecourse.
NOT
She...couldnotspeak...Germanuntilshetookanintensivecourse
IpassedmyItalianexamwithoutstudying.
NEED
I…didn’tneedtostudy…topassmyItalianexam.
Isuggestthatyoufinishyourtestwithinthetimeallowed.
SHOULD
You…shouldfinishyourtest...withinthetimeallowed.
WhenIwaslittle,Iwouldplayfootballeveryweekend.
USED
I..usedtoplayfootbalevery...weekendwhenIwaslittle.
KEYWORDS:must,may,should,ought,to,have,can,can’t,could,not,pastparticiple

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18. 18
UNREALPASTTENSES
Whenwewanttotalkaboutanunrealsituation,wecanusethepasttensetodoso.
Whenusinganunrealpasttense,weusetheverbinthepast,butweareactuallytalkingaboutsomething
thatneverhappen.Thesamehappensinconditionalsentenceswhenstatinghypotheticalsituations.
ifonly,Iwish,supposing,rather,sooner,prefer,hadbetter,It’sabouttime,It’shightime,it’s
timeforyou.
I’dliketoknowwhattimethepartystarts.
WISH
I...wishIknew...whattimethepartystarts.
Ifyouwanttogohome,youshouldwaituntiltherainstops.
HAD
You...hadbetterwait...untiltherainstops,ifyouwanttogohome.
ONLY
If...onlyIhadhelpedhimto...movehome.
I’dpreferyounottosmokeinmyhouse.
RATHER
I...wouldratheryoudidn’t...smokeinmyhouse.
Itwasashameyoudidn’tpasstheexam. It’sapityIcan’tstaytwodaysmore.
WISH ONLY
I...wishyouhadpassed...theexam. If...onlyIcouldstay...twodaysmore.
Itwillbebetterifyougetupat7a.m.tomorrow.
SOONER
I...wouldsooneryougotup...at7a.m.tomorrow.
Weoughttogohomenow.It’sgettinglate.
TIME
Itis...abouttimewewent...home.It’sgettinglate.
Ifyouheardhimspeak,you’dthinkheisanexpert.
IF
Hespoke...asifhewere...anexpert.
Kevindoesn'tfeellikegoingouttonight. Heisjustaclerkbutactslikeheistheboss.
RATHER THOUGH
Kevin...wouldrathernotgo...outtonight. He...actsasthough...heistheboss
Edgardoesn'tlikewatchingtelevisionasmuchashelikesplayingchess.
RATHER
Edgarprefers...playingchessratherthanwatching...television.
Keywords:
If,only,wish,supposing,rather,sooner,prefer,had,better,about,high,time,though,were.

19. 19
VERBPATTERNS
Differentverbshavedifferentpatterns,sothestructureoftheclausedependsontheverb.
Thesearesomeofthemostcommonpatterns:
Verb+toinfinitive Verb+toinfinitiveorthatclause
Iwanttogotothebeach. Hedemandedtoknowwhatwashappening.
Thepaneldemandedthatthereportbemadepublic.
Verb+object+toinfinitive Verb+ing
Ineedyoutohelpme. Idon’tmindstayingathometonight
Irecommendwritingyourfeelingsdownonpaper.
Verb+preposition+ing Would+rather+bareinfinitive(withoutto)
Michaelisthinkingaboutgoing... I’dratherstayathometonight.
Verb+object+preposition+ing Would+rather+object+pastsimple
StopsomeonefromdoingsomethingI’dratheryoudidn’tgoouttonight.
Talksomeoneintodoingsomething
Verb+object+pastparticiple Verb+object+toinfinitive
Ihadmyhaircutyesterday. Causesomeonetodosomething
Verb+object+bareinfinitive(withoutto)Phrasalverb+object+toinfinitive
Ihadamechanicrepairmycar. Countonsomeonetodosomething
Verb+to+ing Phrasalverb+object+ing
Heisusedtogettingupearly. Sheinsistedonusleavingthetrain
Auxiliaryverb+verb+it+if+object+simplepast
Iwouldpreferitifyoudidn’tsmokeinhere.
Had+better+bareinfinitive(withoutto)
I'dbetternotleavemybagthere.Someonemightstealit
Verb+object+bareinfinitive(withoutto)
Sheletmelookatthephotos.
Modalverb+bareinfinitive(withoutto)
WecantakethetraintoBirmingham.
Youshouldstudyforyourexam.
Verb+thatclause+object+bareinfinitive(withoutto)
Irecommend(that)yougoonadiet.
Isuggest(that)wewaitawhilebeforewedecide...
Subject+simplepast
It’sabout/hightimeyoulearnedhowtouse...
I’dratheryoupaidmenow.
IfonlyIweremorepowerful.
IwishIwereyounger.

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21. 21
VERBTONOUN
NOUNTOVERB
EXPLANATION-EXPLAIN
Hisessaydoesn'thaveaclearenoughexplanationofthemainpointtobeawardedtop
marks.
CLEARLY
Hisessaydoesn't.....explainthemainpointclearlyenough....tobeawardedtopmarks.
REVISED-REVISION
Theguidelinesfortheappointmentofnewstaffneedtobethoroughlyrevised.
THOROUGH
Thereneeds....tobeathoroughrevisionof...theguidelinesfortheappointmentofnew
staff.
EXPLAIN-EXPLANATION
Theremustbeasimplewaytoexplainwhathappened.
BOUND
Thereis....boundtobeasimpleexplanation....forwhathappened.
ROSE-RISE
Theemploymentraterosegraduallyastheeconomybegantorecover.
GRADUAL
There....wasagradualrisein.....theemploymentrateastheeconomybegantorecover
OBJECT-OBJECTIONS
Localresidentsdidn’tobjecttotheproposeddevelopment.
TO
Therewere...noobjectionsfromlocalresidentsto...theproposeddevelopment.
DECIDE-DECISION
Liamreallyshoulddecidewheretoinvesthismoney.
MADE
It'shightime....Liammadeadecisionabout....wheretoinvesthismoney.
INTENDED-INTENTION
Ioriginallyintendedtodrivebutthebadweathercausedmetochangemymind.
WAS
My..originalintentionwasto...drivebutthebadweathercausedmetochangememind.

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23. 23
LINKINGWORDS
Linkingwordshelpustoconnectideasandsentences.Wecanuselinkingwordstogiveexamples,
addinformation,summarise,sequenceinformation,giveareasonorresult,ortocontrastideas.
Addinginformation
Also
And
Apartfrom
Aswellas
Besides
Furthermore
Inaddition
Inadditionto
Moreover
Too
What’smore
Givingreasons
As
Because
Becauseof
Dueto/duetothe
factthat
Onaccountof
Onthegroundsof
Onthegroundsthat
Owingto/owingto
thefactthat
Since
Seeingthat
Inthelightof
Inviewof
Givingaresult
Asaresult
Asaconsequence
Consequently
So
Therefore
Thismeansthat
Contrastingideas
Although/even
though
But
Despite/despitethe
factthat
Evenso
However
Incontrast
Inspiteof/inspite
ofthefactthat
Intheory…in
practice…
Regardless
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Thenagain
Unlike
Whereas
While
Yet
Condition
After
Asaconsequenceof
Asaresultof
Aslongas
Assoonas
Assuming
Because
Before
Butfor
Evenif
If
Ifonly
Intheeventthat
Once
Onlyif
Ontheconditionthat
Provided(that)
Providing
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Wherever
Whether
Comparison
Aswith
Bythesametoken
Comparable
Comparatively
Inthesameway
Justas…sotoo
Likewise
Similarly
Emphasis
Absolutely
Admittedly
Clearly
Definitely
Especially
Generally
Importantly
Infact
Inparticular
Indeed
Never
Obviously
Particularly
Undoubtedly
Withoutdoubt
Purpose
For
Forfearof
Forfearthat
Inorderthat
Inorderto
Soasto
Sothat
To

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PHRASES/PARAPHRASING
Thereisnopointindoing.../Itisnotworthdoing.../It’snousedoing.../...isawasteoftime...
Thereisnopointinwaitinganylonger.Heisnotgoingtocome.
WORTH
It...isnotworthwaiting...anylonger.Heisnotgoingtocome.
Thereisnopointinwaitinganylonger.Heisnotgoingtocome.
USE
It...isnousewaiting...anylonger.Heisnotgoingtocome.
Beabouttodo../beonthevergeofdoing.../beonthepointofdoing...
Iwasabouttoleavewhenyoucallmeonthephone.
VERGE
Iwas...onthevergeofleaving...whenyoucallmeonthephone.
Iwasabouttoleavewhenyoucallmeonthephone.
POINT
Iwas...onthepointofleaving...whenyoucallmeonthephone.
Thereisnowaysbwilldosth/Sbhasnointentionofdoingsth.
Sbhasnothoughtofdoingsth.
ThereisnowayI’mhelpingyouafterwhatyoudidtome.
INTENTION
I...havenointentionofhelping...youafterwhatyoudidtome.
ThereisnowayI’mhelpingyouafterwhatyoudidtome
THOUGHT
I...havenothoughtofhelping...youafterwhatyoudidtome.
Sbhasagoodreputation.../Sbishighlyregarded...
Sbishighlythoughtof.../Sbishighlyspokenof...
Johnhasagoodreputationamonghisfellowworkers.
REGARDED
John...ishighlyregarded...amonghisfellowworkers.
Johnhasagoodreputationamonghisfellowworkers.
THOUGHT
John...ishighlythoughtof...amonghisfellowworkers.
Johnhasagoodreputationamonghisfellowworkers.
SPOKEN
John...ishighlyspokenof...amonghisfellowworkers.

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27. 27
45MOSTCOMMONSETPHRASES
1.ASFARASIAMCONCERNED–inmyopinion/tothedegreethatitaffectsme.
AsfarasI’mconcerned,youcanstarttomorrow.
2.ASFARASIKNOW–accordingtotheinformationthatIhave.
HeisFrench,asfarasIknow.
3.BEABOUTTODOSTH–bereadytostartdoingsomethingverysoon.
Iwasjustabouttoleavewhenyouphonedme.
4.BEAR/KEEPSOMETHINGINMIND–considersthbeforedoingsthelse.
Keepinmindyourbudgetwhenmakingarrangementsforyourholidays.
5.BEONTHEPOINTOFDOINGSTH–bereadytostartdoingsomethingverysoon.
Iwasonthepointofstartingmyspeechwhensomeone’sphonerang.
6.BEONTHEVERGEOFDOINGSTH–bereadytostartdoingsomethingverysoon.
Theywereonthevergeofgettingadivorceafter15yearsofmarriage.
7.BEOUTOFTHEQUESTION–Somethingcannothappen/itisnotpossible
It’sraining,sogoingforawalkwiththekidsisoutofthequestion.
8.BEUNDERTHE(MISTAKEN)IMPRESSION/BELIEFTHAT–
tothinkthatsthistrueusuallywhenthat’snothecase
IwasundertheimpressionthatIwasalreadyhired.
Sheaskedhimoutbecauseshewasunderthemistakenbeliefthathewassingle.
9.BEUP/DOWNTOSB-Besomeone’sresponsibilitytodosth
It’suptothepresidenttodecidethenextcourseofaction.
It’sdowntoJohntomakeallthearrangementsforthemeeting.
10.BEWORTHIT–besththatwillgiveyougoodresultsdespitedifficulties.
IttookmeeightyearstogetmyblackbeltinJudo,butit’sbeenworthit.
11.BEWORTHONE’SWHILE–beworththetimeoreffortsbspendsdoingsth.
It’snotworthmywhiletalkingtoher.Shemaybebeautifulbutsheisveryboring.
12.BEYOND/WITHOUTASHADOWOFADOUBT-Thereisnodoubtthatsthistrue.
Heis,withoutashadowofadoubt,thebestplayerI’veeverseen
13.CHANGEONE’SMIND-changeyouropinionaboutsomething.
Ieventuallychangedmymindandagreedtogotothepartywiththem.
14.DO/TRYONE’SBEST-–Dosthasbestyoucan.
Ifyoudoyourbestandfail,youcan’thaveanyregrets.
15.FEELIKE(DOING)SOMETHING–towanttodosth.
Hedidn’tfeellikegoingclubbinglastweekend.

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PREPOSITIONALVERBS
ABOUT
1.argueabout
2.beabouttodosth
3.boastabout
4.careabout
5.complainabout
6.beconcernedabout
7.dreamabout/of
8.feelabout
9.forgetabout
10.grumbleabout
11.hearabout
ABOVE
1.punchaboveone’sweight
2.rearabovesth/sb
3.riseabovesth
4.towerabovesth/sb
AFTER
1.askaftersb
2.cleanaftersb
3.goaftersb/sth
4.hankeraftersth
5.hungerafterath
6.inquireaftersth
AGAINST
1.comeupagainststh
2.decideagainst
3.fightagainst
4.gangupagainst
5.havesthagainstsb
6.holdoutagainst
7.holdsthagainstsb
8.insureagainst
12.jokeabout
13.knowabout
14.laughabout
15.quarrelabout
16.talkabout/of
17.thinkabout/of
18.tellsbaboutsth
19.remindsbaboutsth
20.writetosbaboutsth
21.warnsbaboutsth
22.worryabout
23.wonderabout
ACROSS
1.comeacrosssth/sb
2.cutacrosssth
3.drapesthacrosssth
4.getsthacross
5.putsthacross
6.putyourselfacross
7.runacrosssth/sb
8.stumbleacross
7.lookaftersb/sth
8.lustaftersb/sth
9.namesbaftersb/sth
10.pantaftersth/sb
11.runaftersb/sth
12.takeaftersb
9.pitsth/sbagainststh/sb
10.reactagainst
11.runagainst
12.runupagainst
13.squareoffagainst
14.warnagainst
15.competeagainst

29. 29
KEYWORD
TRANSFORMATION
EXERCISES
1.Youreallyshouldstartlookingforajob.
HIGH
It……………………………………………….forajob.
2.Hecanbarelybenchpress40kg,sohecertainlywouldn’tbeabletobenchpress100
kg.
ALONE
Hewouldstruggleto………………………………………………………100kg.
3.Ididn’tgettheimpressionthattheywereveryfriendly.
STRIKE
They………………………………………………………………………..veryfriendly.
4.Hedidn’tseemtobeveryworriedabouttheproblem.
STRUCK
Henever………………………………..atallworriedabouttheproblem.
5.OfcourseIwantedtowin,butitisnotalwayspossible.
SAYING
It……………………………………….Iwantedtowin,butitisnotalwayspossible.

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