C1 Rubenstein AP HuG xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.pptx

C1 Rubenstein

1. Chapter 1: The Power of Geography: Geographic Thinking

2. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Studying Human Geography Physical geography is the study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment. landforms plants and animals climate Human geography is the study of the events and process that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth. how people organize themselves socially, politically, and economically the impact of humans on the natural environment

3. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives Spatial perspective refers to where things are located and why they are located there. Geographers study how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do. Ecological perspective refers to the relationships between living things and their environments. Geographers study the interactive and interdependent relationships among living things, ecosystems, and human societies.

4. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives The essential elements of geography can be summed up by three questions: Why? Why there? Why care?

5. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives Location is the position that a point or object occupies on Earth. Absolute location is the exact location of an object. It may be expressed in coordinates of latitude and longitude. Relative location is a description of where a place is in relation to other places or features.

6. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives A place is a location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics. Physical characteristics of a place include climate, landforms, soils, water sources, vegetation, and animal life. Human characteristics of a place include languages, religions, political systems, economic systems, population distribution, architecture, and quality of life.

7. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives Site refers to a place’s absolute location and physical characteristics, such as landforms, climate, and resources. Situation refers to a place’s connections to other places, such as transportation routes, political associations, and cultural and economic ties.

8. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives A mental map is an internalized representation of a place such as a school, neighborhood, or town. People generally have a clearer mental map of where they live than of a place that is far away. © kyoshino /Getty Images

9. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Geographic Perspectives Space refers to the area between two or more things on Earth’s surface. Distribution is how things are arranged within a given space. Density is the number of things in a specific area. Pattern is how things are arranged in a particular space. Flow is the movement of people, goods, and information from one place to another.

10. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Human–Environment Interaction Distance decay is a principle that says the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have. Friction of distance is the concept that distance requires time, effort, and cost to overcome. Time–space compression describes the shrinking of relative distance between places due to advances in transportation and communication.

11. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Human–Environment Interaction Environmental determinism is a discredited theory that behavior is largely controlled by the physical environment. Possibilism , a theory favored by modern geographers, argues that humans are active agents in determining their behaviors.

12. 1.1 What Is Human Geography? Human–Environment Interaction Sustainability is the use of Earth’s land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will be available in the future. focus on renewable resources

13. 1.2 Spatial Patterns: Scale and Region Zooming In and Out Scale refers to the area of the world being studied. global regional national state local Analyzing an issue, such as climate change, at different scales can lead to deeper understanding and help inform decision making.

14. 1.2 Spatial Patterns: Scale and Region Unifying Features A region is an area of Earth’s surface with certain characteristics that make it distinct from other areas. Regions are human constructs. The boundaries of a region are typically not clearly defined and are often transitional, overlapping, or contested. Regions serve as an organizing tool for framing knowledge of the world, asking geographic questions, and making comparisons.

15. 1.2 Spatial Patterns: Scale and Region Unifying Features Types of regions: Formal: an area with one or more shared traits shared trait may be physical such as a landform or climate area shared trait may be cultural, such as a language or religion Functional: an area organized by its function around a node node may be central business area or transportation hub Perceptual or vernacular: a region defined by people’s feelings or attitudes about the area

16. 1.3 Globalization and Sustainability Global vs. Local Globalization is the expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale. Factors contributing to globalization include: lower production costs advances in transportation technology the rise of the internet and social media apps trade deals and government policies favorable to trade

17. 1.3 Globalization and Sustainability Global vs. Local Wallerstein’s world system theory was introduced in the 1970s to describe the spatial and functional relationships among countries in the world economy. It seeks to explain the history of uneven economic development. It is based on the idea that the interdependence among countries has created an economy that is a single entity within a single market and division of labor. It explains the long-standing economic dominance of certain countries. It divides countries into three tiers within a power hierarchy: core at the top, periphery at the bottom, semi-periphery in between.

18. 1.3 Globalization and Sustainability Global vs Local

19. 1.3 Globalization and Sustainability Sustainability In 2015, the United Nations launched its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 goals to increase peace, freedom, and prosperity around the world. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It includes: consideration of the availability of natural resources innovations to make better use of renewable resources efforts to reduce pollution and waste

20. Chapter 1 Key Vocabulary absolute location core density distance decay distribute ecological perspective environmental determinism flow formal region friction of distance functional region globalization human geography location mental map model node pattern

21. Chapter 1 Key Vocabulary perceptual region periphery physical geography place possibilism region relative location scale semi-periphery site situation space spatial perspective sustainability sustainable development theory time–space compression vernacular region world system theory