Cabbage

Cabbage breeding

1. Cabbage Breeding

2. Introduction Botanical name of cultivated group: Brassica oleracea var. capitata . Ancestor: A wild non heading type colewort i.e. Brassica sylvestris . Family- Brassicaceae, Chromosome no.- 2n=18 Origin- Eastern Mediterranean and Asia minor region. Real headed cabbage was evolved in Germany. Cultivated group members- 1. White cabbage- capitata var. alba L. Most common shapes for cultivated cabbages are pointed, round and flat or drumhead. 2. Red cabbage: capitata var. rubra L. Leaves have distinct coat of wax and tolerant to diamond back moth. 3. Savoy cabbage- capitata var. sabuda L. Blistered leaves and the shape is pointed round, flat. Probably originated in Italy and spread to France and Germany in the 16th and 17th centuries.

3. Classification of variability Colour and form of heads White cabbage : B. oleracean var. Capitata L. f. alba Red cabbage : B. oleracean var . capitata L. f. rubra Savoy cabbage: B. oleraceae var. Sabanda Place of origin: Mediterranean cabbage : B.O. var. capitata ssp. mediterranea Oriental cabbage : B.O. var. cap. Ssp. orientalis European cabbage : B.O. var . cap. Ssp. Europea Head shape: Round shape : Eg. Golden Acre, Pride of India, Copenhagen Market Flat head / drum head type: Eg. Pusa Drum Head Conical head : Eg : Jersey Wakefield Savoy type : Eg. Chieftain

4. Myers classification based on size and shape of head (Allen, 1914) Wakefield and Winning kadt group – Small, conical, early, eg : Jersey Wakefield. Copenhagen Market – Round, early, large heads – Copenhagen Market Flat head / Drum Head – Flat, Pusa Drum Head Savoy group – Wrinkled leaves, high quality : Drum Head Savoy Danish ball head -Thin leaves, Compact head, fine texture. Eg. Danish Ball Head Alpha group – Earliest group, very small heat, solid Eg . Miniature marrow Volga group – Thick leaves, loose bottom Eg . Volga Red cabbage : Similar to Danish ball head but have red colour leave. Eg. Red Rock.

5. Genetics Stem pigmentation : monogenic – Purple dominant to green Core length : Digenic – Incomplete dominant gene action. Short core x round head, long core x flat head. Leaf glossiness : Digenic – Normal dominant to glossy Gene symbol A : Anthicyanin development several alleles ac1 : Albugo candida race 1 susceptibility Fn : Fern leaf partially dominant Hr1 : Hairy leaf ms1 : Male sterility – absence of pollen S2-,S-14-25, 63 : Self incompatibility allelic series of varying expressivity.

6. Objectives of breeding High yield and earliness Hard and compact head with small stem Uniform and good looking heads Good keeping quality Low stem / leaf ratio High ascorbic acid Resistant to black rot Develop varieties suited to warm and humid tropics

7. Breeding methods Introduction : Golden Acre, August, Copenliagen Market. Mass selection: Characters which can improved through Mass Sel.- 1) Maturity days to 50 per cent heading, 2) Stalk length, 3) Number of non wrapper leaves, 4) Frame or plant spread, 5) Shape of head – Pollen and equal diameter. Normal or spherical head 0.8- 1.0 shape index. Drum head ; SI < 0.5, Conical head SI > 1.0 6) Compactness of head – associated with short sized core, 7) Net weight of head < 750 g, 8) Number of marketable heads, 9) Bolting, 10)Yield Pedigree method : Sel.8 ( Pusa Mukta): Resistance to Black rot. From EC 10109 X EC 24855.

8. Heterosis breeding : F1 hybrids. The phenomenon of self incompability can be utilized is exploit heterosis. Heterosis is observed for earliness, head size, uniformity in head shape and size and yield. F1 seed production: Use of ST : Two inbred lines of good specific C.A. for yield are selected which are self incompatible. These two lines are SI and cross compatible because of different. Single dominant market gene ( eg. purple stem pigment) can be tagged with the male line. But have no collect seeds from female only. Synthetics of produced : Set of inbred lines tested for their specific combining ability effects and differing in the S alleles. These inbred lines are grown in alternate rows in isolation. Random mating is allowed. Seeds collected from such a random material population form synthetic seed. Steps are same as F1 hybrids development. EG: Katrain , Glory, Pride of India, India Market, Vermas Pride, Pride of Asia, Golden Acre and Pusa Mukta

9. Mutation breeding : Spontaneous mutant characterized by the lack of waxy layer on leaves has been located. The absence of wax is associated with a significantly higher content of ascorbic acid, dry matter and coarse fibre compared with normal type. Mutant 19P-2 of variety Kjure17 induced by irradiated seeds with 60 kr gamma rays was semi sterile. Mutation breeding is resorted to eliminate defects and to induce characters like male sterility. Polyploid breeding : Produced by using colchicine and colchamine latter requiring higher dose than formal. Few tetraploids developed had larger compact heads with the interia stalk. Shorter than the diploids. These had higher number of stomata on upper and lower leaf surfaces and higher number of chloroplasm in the cells of stomata.

10. Disease Resistant variety Tip burn (non-parasitic) Sisconsin DM ( Peronospora parasitica ) January King Yellow ( Fus ox. F. coglutinaus ) Wisconsin Ball Head Club root ( plasmodiophora brassic a) Late Moscow PM ( Mycosphaerella brassicola ) Louisiana Black rot Louisiana and selectionv 8 Pusa Mukta from IARI Mosaic Badger Ball Head Salient breeding achievements Pusa Ageti : IARI, New Delhi. New heat tolerant varieties. 70-90 days, 600 to 1200 g. 11-38 q/ha. Compact head.