Cadmium Toxicity.pptx

Toxic and carcinogenic element

1. Cadmium Toxicity Dr DIPAYAN SAHA m.p.h. 1 st Sem, Institute of public health, Kalyani Under the supervision of dr. jayita pal

2. INTRODUCTION Encountered in earth’s crust combined with chlorine (CdCl 2 ), oxygen (CdO), Sulphur (CdS) Exists as small particles in air, as it is produced as a result of smelting, soldering or other high temp. industrial process Classified as human carcinogenic substance by W.H.O By-product of smelting of zinc, lead, and copper ores used mainly in electroplating of steel, producing pigments, batteries (Ni-Cd rechargeable batteries), stabilizing plastics and as a neutron absorbent in nuclear reactor

3. WHAT IS CADMIUM?? Cadmium is a silvery white chemical element. Placed in group 12 and period 5 of periodic table Denoted by symbol Cd, having Atomic no. 48 Discovered in contaminated zinc compound sold in pharmacies of Germany 0.1 ppm of earth crust (zinc 65 ppm in earth crust)

4. CADMIUM POISONING Caused by excessive exposure to Cadmium (inhalation and indigestion) Extremely toxic even in low concentrations; bioaccumulation occurs in organisms and ecosystems. The McDonalds 3D Shrek Glasses are contaminated with cadmium.

5. EXPOSURE SOURCES Tobacco smoke (a one pack a day smoker absorbs roughly 5 to 10 times more cadmium amount absorbed in blood than non smokers) Contamination of air, water and soil with cadmium in industrial areas Cadmium fumes from incineration of municipal wastes use of phosphates sources in fertilizers low levels are found in grains, cereals, leafy vegetables and other basic foodstuffs occupational exposure in electroplating industry, metal smelting industry, nickel-cadmium battery industry

6. CADMIUM PHARMACOKINETICS INHALATION 18-50 % of cadmium are absorbed by the lungs absorption in lungs depends on particle size; absorption is greatest for particles that are small (less than 0.1 micrometre) and water soluble. INGESTION 6 % of cadmium are absorbed by GIT; more amount absorbed in iron deficiency and calcium deficiency cases

7. MODES OF ENTRY IN HUMAN BODY

8. CADMIUM PHARMACOKINETICS (CONTD.) DISTRIBUTION bound to albumin in plasma and red blood cells transported to liver, pancreas, prostrate and kidney, with eventual transfer to kidney 50-75 % of total body Cd is found in liver and kidney ELIMINATION Metallothionein (protein rich in cysteine), traps Cd tightly in renal tubules Eliminated primarily through urine half life in humans : 22-30 years

9. CADMIUM TOXICOLOGY

10. CADMIUM TOXICODYNAMICS Inside cells, cadmium ions acts as catalytic hydrogen peroxide generator. hydrogen peroxide causes increased lipid peroxidation and depletes ascorbate and glutathione stores hydrogen peroxide convert thiol groups on protein and attacks nuclear DNA, leading to synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, and eventually cell death

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ACUTE Exposure to cadmium fumes causes Flu like symptoms including chills, fever and muscle ache, sometimes referred as “cadmium blues” Severe exposure causes chest pain, headache, dizziness, dryness and irritation of nose and throat, leading to tracheobronchitis, pneumonitis and pulmonary edema CHRONIC Anaemia and kidney failure Cancer

12. SYSTEMIC TOXICITY SKELETAL SYSTEM Osteoporosis & Osteomalacia, resulting in back pain, joint pain and increased risk of fractures PULMONARY SYSTEM Emphysema, Edema and Lung cancer 8% of Lung cancer may be attributable to Cadmium EXCRETORY SYSTEM Proximal tubule dysfunction Gout Kidney stone REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testicular necrosis impaired menstrual cycles

13. EPIDEMIOLOGY ITAI-ITAI DISEASE Prevalence occurred in a mass of Japan due to Cadmium poisoning around 1912 Characterized by severe muscle pain, Osteomalacia renal failure and anaemia the river water got contaminated with the waste from zinc mine containing cadmium polluted water used on rice field for many years rice accumulated high levels of cadmium

14. DIAGNOSIS DIRECT EVALUATION 24 HRS urine evaluation INDIRECT EVALUATION Urinary beta-2 macroglobulin Urinary Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) Metallothionein (MT) CRITICAL LEVELS Blood Cadmium : 10 micrograms/litre Urinary Cadmium : 10 micrograms/gram creatinine Urinary beta 2-macroglobulin : 2000 micrograms/gram creatinine Urinary retinol binding protein : 200 micrograms/gram creatinine

15. TREATMENT in case of exposure by ingestion, Emesis or Gastric lavage should be done. Detoxification of cadmium with chelators such as EDTA, DMPS and DMSA

16. PREVENTION increasing the safe and effective recycling of cadmium minimizing emissions and discharges from activities such as mining and waste management promoting safe working conditions for workers manipulating cadmium containing products promoting the elimination of use of cadmium in products such as toys, jewellery and plastics implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, including providing protection from tobacco smoke in workplaces and public areas Washing fruits and vegetables can reduce contamination to some extent