Cahpter 04-Carbon Introductor course Camp

Biology

1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint
®
Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular
Diversity of Life

2. Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life
•Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest
consists mostly of carbon-based compounds.
•Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse
molecules because each carbon atom makes 4
bonds.
•Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other
molecules that distinguish living matter are all
composed of carbon compounds.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
•Most contain hydrogen atoms
•The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
–four valence electrons (outer shell)  4
covalent bonds
–Tetrahedral shape: carbon bonded to four
atoms
–Flat (Linar): two carbon atoms are joined by a
double bond
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. The Shapes of Tree Dimensional Organic Molecules
Name
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Space-Filling
Model
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Ethene
(ethylene)

5. Valences of the major elements of organic molecules
Hydrogen
(valence = 1)
Oxygen
(valence = 2)
Nitrogen
(valence = 3)
Carbon
(valence = 4)
H O N C
Carbon is versatile and most frequently bonds with: H, O,
N, and other C atoms.

6. •Carbon atoms partner with other atoms to form
compounds such as: Carbon dioxide: CO
2,
Urea: CO(NH
2)
2, Glucose: C
6H
12O
6
•Carbon chains: skeletons of organic molecules.
Hydrocarbons
•carbon and hydrogen.
•Fats: long hydrocarbon chains
•release a large amount of energy
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Variation in carbon skeletons
Ethane Propane
1-Butene 2-Butene
(c) Double bonds
(d) Rings
Cyclohexane Benzene
Butane 2-Methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
(b) Branching
(a) Length

8. The role of hydrocarbons in fats - fatty acids (H-C chains)
(a) Mammalian adipose cells (b) A fat molecule
Fat droplets (stained red)
100 µm

9. Isomers
•same molecular formula but different structures and
properties:
–Structural isomers: different atom covalent
arrangements
–Geometric isomers: same covalent
arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements.
–Enantiomers: mirror images isomers
•pharmaceutical industry
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. Three
types of
Isomers
Pentane
(a) Structural isomers
(b) Geometric isomers
2-methyl butane
cis isomer: The two Xs are
on the same side.
trans isomer: The two Xs are
on opposite sides.
(c) Enantiomers
L isomer D isomer

11. The pharmacological importance of enantiomers
Drug
Ibuprofen
Albuterol
Condition
Pain;
inflammation
Asthma
Effective
Enantiomer
S-Ibuprofen
R-Albuterol
R-Ibuprofen
S-Albuterol
Ineffective
Enantiomer

12. Functional groups
•characteristic groups attached to molecule
• involved in chemical reactions.
•number and arrangement gives its unique properties
•7 functional groups
–Hydroxyl group: -OH; Carbonyl group: -C=O
–Carboxyl group: -COOH Amino group: -NH
2
–Sulfhydryl group: -SH Methyl group: -CH
3
–Phosphate group: -OPO
3
2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. A comparison of chemical groups of female (estradiol) and male
(testosterone) sex hormones
Estradiol
Testosterone

14. ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular
Processes
•One phosphate molecule, adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-
transferring molecule in the cell.
–adenosine
–three phosphate groups.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. ATP
Adenosine

16. PPP P
i
PPAdenosine Adenosine
ADP
ATP
Inorganic
phosphate
Reacts
with H
2
O
Energy