Cancer character and types

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body
Causative agents – chemical, toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens
Most cancer form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous.

1. Cancer Characteristic features and types

2. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body Causative agents – chemical, toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens Most cancer form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous.

3. According to national cancer control programme – there are nearly 2.5 million cancer patients in India More than 60% of these patients are in the age of 35-60 the number of cases will triple in the coming years

4. About 1 in 4 of us will get cancer About 1 in 5 of will die due to cancer

5. There are trillions of cells in our body Healthy cells are programmed to “know what to do and when to do it”.

6. Cancer cells donot know “what to do, and when to do”

7. Cancer cells Produce malignant tumors Tumors can invade surrounding healthy tissues (Metastasis)

8. Cancer some terms 01 Neo-plasm – new growth 02 03 Tumor – swelling caused by neoplasm 04 Benign neoplasm – one which is restricted by its capsule – doesnot spread to other areas of body Malignant – one which spreads to different parts of the body

9. Types of cancer

10. About the Symptoms Depends on the types Fatigue Skin changes Weight loss Pain Unusual bleeding Persistent cough Fever

11. Spread of cancer

12. Characteristics of Cancer It can involves changes in gene expression. Lack of contact inhibition Loss of limitations on the number of cell division 01 02 03 Ability to grow in culture. Angiogenesis. 04 05

13. Characteristics of Cancer It shows uncontrolled mitotic divisions Lack differentiation They loss ability to communicate with other cells. 07 08 09 They are less adhesive than normal cells. They exhibits number of alterations. 1 11 Due to uncontrolled growth – tumor is formed. They lose sensitivity. 06

14. It can involves changes in gene expression.

15. Lack of contact inhibition

16. Ability to grow in culture.

17. Loss of limitations on the number of cell division

18. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. This process involves the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells, which line the inside wall of blood vessels. A tumor needs nutrients and oxygen to grow and spread.

19. The loss of growth control Cancer cells are immortal Cancer cells have very high errors in DNA Cancer cells are protected from apoptosis Cancer cells depends on glycolysis for energy Cancer cells are monoclonal Characteristics of Cancer

20. The loss of growth control When the normal cell proliferates and cover the bottom of the culture dish, their growth rate decreases and they tend to remain as a single layer (monolayer) due to contact inhibition In contrast, when malignant cells are cultured under the same condition, they continue to grow & pile up on top of another (NO contact inhibition).

21. Cancer cells are immortal The normal cell in culture exhibits a limited capacity for cell division. After a finite number of mitotic divisions they undergo the ageing process. The cancer cells are immortal and they do not undergo the ageing process. They divide continuously. The continuous growth is due to the presence of telomerase enzyme in them (Telomerase enzyme is absent in the normal cells).

22. DNA in the Cancer Cells has High Errors DNA replication in the normal cell is comparatively slow than cancerous cells. Cancerous cells have very high aberrations in the chromosomes. Aberrations are due to the defects in mitotic checkpoints. Normal cell induces apoptosis when the genetic content becomes highly mutated. Cancerous cells escape the apoptotic pathway

23. Cancer Cells are Protected from Apoptosis Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Cancer cells do not induce apoptosis Normal cells do not divide unless they are stimulated to do so, but cancer cells do Normal cells do not survive if they have any irreparable damages, but cancer cells do. Cancerous cells express : High anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) Low pro-apoptotic factors (Bax, Bak, Bid, Bcl)

24. Cancer Cells dependent on Glycolysis for Energy This request high metabolic requirement for the cancer cells Hypoxia Inducible Factor induce new blood vessel formation in the tumors The formation of new blood vessels is called angiogenesis. Angiogenesis also facilitates the migration of cancerous cells (metastasis) to other healthy tissues of the body

25. Prevention is cure • Limiting tobacco exposure • Limiting alcohol intake • Modifying diet • Limiting exposure to UV rays • Screening programs

26. Cancer cells are our cells – • killing them = killing ourselves • Main treatments available – Surgery – Recurs – Chemotherapy – damages normal cells – Radiotherapy – damages nearby areas

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