Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer, Cancer treatment, Immune System, Immunotherapy, Cancer Immunotherapy, Types of Immunotherapy, Side effects of Immunotherapy.

1. CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY BY HASNAT TARIQ

2. INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is treatment that uses your body's own immune system to help fight cancer.  This can be done in a couple of ways: Stimulating your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells Giving you immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins

3. ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM Immune system is a collection of organs (spleen), special cells (white blood cells), and substances that help protect the body from infections and some other diseases. The immune system keeps track of all of the substances normally found in the body. Any new substance that the immune system doesn’t recognize raises an alarm, causing the immune system to attack it. 

4. WHY IMMUNE SYSTEM CANT DETECT CANCER? Cancer escapes from immune system by: Producing proteins that hide it. Producing signals that stop the immune system from attacking it.

5. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY The main types of immunotherapy now being used to treat cancer include: Monoclonal Antibodies These are man-made versions of immune system proteins. Antibodies can be very useful in treating cancer because they can be designed to attack a very specific part of a cancer cell.

6. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY 2. Cancer Vaccines Vaccines are substances put into the body to start an immune response against certain diseases. Some vaccines are designed that can help prevent or treat cancer. The vaccines are made to recognize proteins that are on particular cancer cells. This helps the immune system to recognize and mount an attack against those particular cancer cells.

7. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY 3. Adoptive cell transfer It is a treatment that attempts to boost the natural ability of T cells to fight cancer. T cells are a type of white blood cells and part of the immune system. An example of a type of adoptive cell transfer is CAR T-cell therapy.

8. HOW CAR T-CELL THERAPY WORKS? It uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer. Remove T cells from patients blood. Genetically alter the cells in the lab to make them better able to find and destroy cancer cells. Inject cells back into the patient. Modified proteins help immune cells find and kill cancer cells.

9. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY 4. Cytokines These are proteins that are made by our body’s cells. They play important roles in the body’s normal immune responses and also in the immune system’s ability to respond to cancer. The two main types of cytokines used to treat cancer are called interferons and interleukins .

10. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY 5. BCG BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin , is an immunotherapy that is used to treat bladder cancer. It is a weakened form of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. When inserted directly into the bladder with a catheter, BCG causes an immune response against cancer cells. It is also being studied in other types of cancer.

11. CANCERS THAT CAN BE TREATED WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY Immunotherapy can be used to treat cancers of: Lung Kidney Melanoma Bladder Ovary Head and neck Lymphoma Stomach Breast

12. SIDE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY Common side effects of immunotherapy are: Rash Cough Nausea Pain in muslces , bones and joints Constipation Shortness of breath Diarrhea Decreased Appetite

13. SIDE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY Unique side effects include: Inflammation of lung, kidney, intestine, liver and brain. Allergic reactions Problems of the Thyroid Immunotherapy should not be taken by a women who is pregnant.

14. How Immunotherapy Is Given? Different forms of immunotherapy may be given in different ways. These include: Intravenous (IV) The immunotherapy goes directly into a vein. Oral The immunotherapy comes in pills or capsules that you swallow. Topical The immunotherapy comes in a cream that you rub onto your skin. This type of immunotherapy can be used for very early skin cancer. Intravesical The immunotherapy goes directly into the bladder.

15. RECENT STUDIES ABOUT IMMUNOTHERAPY A compound is developed that when injected into a tumor destroys it along with all the other cancerous masses present in the body. Of the 90 mice affected by lymphoma, 87 were cancer-free after the first treatment, and the last three were rid of cancer with a second injection of this compound. This treatment is ready for human trials and will be starting soon.

16. REFERENCE https://futurism.com/cancer-vaccine-wipes-out-tumors-ready-human-trial/

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