CANCER introduction and basics medical topic

Medical topic

1. OBJECTîVES Types of tumors Applied surgical pathology of tumors Pathological basis of tumor staging Tumor staging Principles of biopsy and cytology Principles of surgery of tumors Overview of tumor markers

2. Atrophy Normal HypeČrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia

3. Types of Malignancies

4. Benign vs Maîignant Benign Encapsulated No invasion No metastasis Malignant Non encapsulated Usually invade Metastasis

5. Characteristics of malignant cells Uncontrolled growth and loss of contact pheromeøan are the main characteristics of mali9nant cells

6. Local invasion : within the organ adjacent organs Metastasis : Lymphatic : Regional & distant lymph nodes. Haematogenous e.g. liver, lung, bones. Transcoelomic e.g peritoneal & pleural cavity. Implantation e.g. needle tracks, wounds.

7. Locai Invasion

8. Distant Metastasis

9. TNM Staglng for Breast Cancer Internal mammary node illary node Breast cancer primary

10. To decide the treatment To plan the treatment To assess the prognosis

11. tumor, aîways remember that there secondaries.

12. &lapO ssgi ss #ş

13. &lapO ssgi ss #ş

14. Normal Cancer Large, variably shaped nuclei Many dividing cells; Disorganized arrangement Variation in size and shape Loss of normal features

15. Cytology : morphology of individual cells. Exfoliative (urine,sputum,....) Fluid aspiration (ascitic fIuid,pIeuraI fluid) Fine needle aspiration (FNA) Biopsy : histological (tissue) characteristics Incisional biopsy (open, needle, forceps..) Excisional biopsy

16. Tumor Markers Substances which if present in the blood or tissues may indicate malignancy. The concept is very important There are many tumor markers Most are non- specific Important in diagnosis Important for screening Important in follow up

17. ung anoer CA125.CEA Lkw Canoec Teetlcular Canœc FÆZÄ {ÇB J Breast Cancer |c 12s,cea, zez 9tomach Canoer I Pancteaæ Cancec CA125.CEA Colon Canoer

18. Increase Speciùcity Using PSA Velocit/ MSætatic Canœr Local Carrier BPN p6ienta Comrôs 10 1me Pûor to Diagnoels, years NOCN GwŒlines(2Œg) aaae thechanp In PSA ever a 1- par pœ& For PSA 4•10. an Increaæ ot e0.7s rç/mUy‹ e Use 3 epec«nens ow‹ 16- 24 manth inten al

19. Radiation 12 10 4Ionth1 16 18

20. Radiation 12 10 4Ionth1 16 18

21. Radiation 12 10 4Ionth1 16 18

22. Hormones & Cancer Hormones related to tumor growth: ^ Usually sex hormones (testosterone,estrogen) * They may have a relation to tumor growth ^ Hormone receptors ^ The concept can be used in treatment Hormones may be produced by tumors: ^ Originally hormone producing organ e.g. adrenals ^ Originally non hormone producing organ e.g. lung

23. prostate pituitary gland “ r e ”*”* testicle I lit: aim of “LH- RH Agonist injections ” is to i‹›p testosterone being produced as this ! ‹› alone helps prostate cancer to grow

24. Estrogen receptors-breast cancer

25. Estrogen receptors-breast cancer