cancer introduction .pdf

cancer introduction

1. cancer etiology 1

2. Itis a disease that is increasing ,it is
a disease that's increasing in
incidents as well as every year it
kills more and more people. We
hate cancer, we want to find ways
to find cancer and treat cancer.
cancer etiology 2

3. I hope that this introduction will
give you a sense of the problem.
Not only how it affects people and
their families, but the biology of
how it starts, and what many of the
questions are in learning how to try
to understand cancer better, and to
treat cancer better
cancer etiology 3

4. lung cancer
colon cancer
breast cancer
prostate cancer
stomach
liver cancer.
Cancer types
cancer etiology 4

5. What is cancer?
In it's simplest form
,it means uncontrolled growth.
It's the disease caused by
an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
in the part of the body
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6. It's often also referred to as a tumor.
Tumor is defined as a swelling of
a part of the body, generally
without inflammation, caused by an
abnormal growthoftissue whether
benign of malignant. Cancer is also
sometimes referred to as a
neoplasm. Which is defined as a
new and abnormal growth of tissue
in some part of the body.
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7. cancer is a genetic disease. It is
caused by an accumulation of
detrimental variations in the
genome over the course of a
lifetime. These are a lot of terms
that are new, and will be described
in subsequent lectures. It's
important to remember that most of
the time a single mutation in your
genes is not sufficient to induce
cancer formation.
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8. Where does the word cancer
come from? The origin of the
word cancer is from the Greek
Karakinos, or crab. And it was
termed this because the Greek
physicians Hippocrates and
Galen, among others, noted
how a cancer looked like a
crab as tumors had swollen
veins along the skin
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9. cancer etiology 9
the lymph node, the normal lymph
node is totally effaced in this
picture. It is nothing but cancer
cells. And they start in the lymph
node so they are called lymphoma.
This ends our section on cancer
terms and definitions where we
explained what cancer is

10. It then evolved to the Latin term cancer
which also means crab or later,
malignant tumor. Interestingly enough
in the old English
cancer meant spreading sore or cancer.
The study of cancer is oncology, and
where does the word oncology come
from? It literally means a branch of
science that deals with tumors and
cancers. The word oncomeans bulk or
mass or tumor, while logy means study.
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11. it's the study of a bulk or a tumor. An important word in
cancer is metastasis. Metastasisis the spreading of
cancer from a primary site to distant organs and it
literally comes from the Greek word metastasis, which
is removing, removal or migration, a changing
,a change, or revolution.
So again the metastasis, which means the spread of
cancer from primary site, to distant organs is an
important to learn early in the study of cancer.
Where does cancer start? Cancers are classified
according to the tissue where they originate.
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12. There are four main types. Carcinomas arise in
epithelial tissue that is found in the internal and
external linings of the body. Adenocarcinomas,
which are the most common form of cancer
develop in an organ or gland. For example,
prostate cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer.
Squamous cell carcinomas develop in the
squamous epithelium of organs, including the
skin, bladder , esophagus, and lung. Sarcomas,
which account for less than 10% of all cancers,
arise from connective tissue that is found in
bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat.
Leukemias are cancers of the blood that originate
in the bone marrow and Lymphoma refers to
cancers that develop in the lymph system. This is
a schematic of what cancer looks like
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13. cancer of the cervix. you can see
normal cells lining an organ and
you can see that each cell looks the
same. And each nucleus, inside the
cell which contains the DNA, looks
the same. The first step toward
scarcer is hyperplasia,where
you get a growth in the number of
cells. It's a proliferation in the
number of cells, and they start to
look a little bit atypical. As cancer
progresses you get mild dysplasia
where the cells start to bunch up on
each other and they start to have
abnormal nuclei and abnormal
shapes.
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14. This gets more severe and you
develop carcinoma in situ or cancer
in place. This is where the cells are
growing in an uncontrolled fashion,
they look abnormal and their nuclei
look abnormal. When cancer starts
to invade in metastasis that's when
we refer to it as a carcinoma.
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15. Prostate cancer is an
adenocarcinoma. Here in the slide
you can see large , normal glands
with an epithelia lining. As you
develop low-grade cancer you see
that the glands get smaller and
bunched up. And then as the cancer
gets worse and becomes high-
grade, on the right hand side you
see lose all the gland architecture.
And you just have bunched up
cells. This is even clearer in this
example of sarcoma. Which in this
particular case is a Ewing sarcoma.
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16. The leukemia cells are just a proliferation
of what we call blasts, over growth of cells
with big nuclei big cytoplasm and this is
what acute lymphoblastic leukemia looks
like. Again, it's a proliferation uncontrolled
growth of a certain type of cell that then
takes over the blood in body. This is an
example of a mantle cell lymphoma.
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