Cancerous biomarkers presentation. .pptx

Biomarkers
Cancerous

1. Biomarkers Introduction Classification Techniques Use in Drug Development Clinical Applications Challenges & Ethical Considerations Future trends & Innovations

2. Introduction to Biomarkers Definition & Significance: These are measurable indicators of a biological condition or process They can be genes, proteins, enzymes, or imaging data. Importance: Play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases, predicting outcomes,& assessing treatment responses. Help link pathology results to personalized drug treatments. Types of Biomarkers: Molecular: DNA, RNA, Proteins. Cellular: Changes in cell count, morphology. Imaging: Detects functional changes i.e. PET (Positron Emission tomography) scans for cancer.

3. Classification of Biomarkers Diagnostic Biomarkers: Identify the presence of a disease or condition. Example: PSA (Prostate specific antigen) levels for prostate cancer. Prognostic Biomarkers: Predict the likely course of a disease. Example: HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth factor Receptor) status in breast cancer. Predictive Biomarkers: Forecast how a patient will respond to a specific treatment. Example: EGFR mutations in lung cancer for targeted therapies.

4. Pharmacodynamic/Response Biomarkers: Measure the biological response to a drug or therapy.  Example: Blood glucose levels in diabetes treatment.

5. Techniques in Biomarker Testing Molecular Methods: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA sequences to detect genetic mutations. qPCR: Quantifies DNA/RNA to measure gene expression. NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing): Analyzes entire genomes or targeted gene panels.

6. Immunological Assays: A biochemical test that measures the presence or conc. of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Detects proteins or antibodies in blood samples. Western Blot: Identifies specific proteins in a sample. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Visualizes proteins in tissue sections. Imaging Biomarkers: PET (Positron Emission Tomography): Visualizes metabolic activity in tissues. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides detailed images of organs and tissue

7. Biomarkers in Drug Development Role in Preclinical and Clinical Trials: Identify potential drug targets. Monitor drug safety and efficacy during trials. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine: Tailors treatments based on a patient’s genetic profile. Example: Testing for CYP450 enzymes to predict drug metabolism. Case Studies: Oncology: BRCA1/2 mutations guide breast cancer treatment. Infectious Diseases: Viral load as a biomarker in HIV treatment.

8. Clinical Applications of Biomarker Testing Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring: Early detection of diseases like cancer and diabetes. Monitoring disease progression or remission. Drug Efficacy and Safety: Ensuring the right drug is given at the right dose. Example: Monitoring INR (international normalized ratio) levels in patients on warfarin. Companion Diagnostics: Tests that help determine the effectiveness of specific drugs for individual patients. Example: PD-L1 testing for immunotherapy suitability.

9. Challenges and Ethical Considerations Standardization and Validation: Need for uniform protocols to ensure consistent results across labs. Validation ensures accuracy, reliability, and clinical relevance. Cost and Accessibility: Advanced biomarker tests can be expensive. Limited access in low-resource settings. Ethical Implications: Genetic testing raises privacy concerns. Informed consent and counseling are essential for tests that predict hereditary diseases.

10. Future Trends and Innovations Emerging Technologies: CRISPR: Gene editing tools to correct mutations. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Identifies patterns in biomarker data, aiding discovery. Precision Medicine: Treatments tailored to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Focus on developing more targeted therapies with fewer side effects. Role in Targeted Therapies: Biomarkers enable the development of drugs that target specific pathways or mutations. Example: Targeted therapies like Imatinib for CML (chronic myeloid leukemia).

11. Thank You!