CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION

CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION
Canopy classification and management through rootstock and scion selection play pivotal roles in optimizing fruit production. Canopies are categorized based on their architecture, density, and growth habits, aiding in tailored management approaches. Rootstock and scion interactions influence canopy development, with rootstocks impacting vigor, size, and adaptability, while scions dictate fruit characteristics. Through strategic rootstock and scion pairing, canopy vigor, fruit quality, and yield can be regulated. This method allows for customized canopy management, including canopy shaping, pruning, and thinning, optimizing light exposure, airflow, and resource allocation. The synergy between rootstock and scion ensures efficient canopy management, enhancing overall orchard productivity.

1. MASTER SEMINAR ON CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR (C.G.) PRESENTED TO Dr. Prabhakar Singh ( Professor and Head ) Dept. Of Fruit Science PRESENTED BY Ankita Shandilya M.Sc. ( Hort.) Previous year

2. CONTENT

3. Canopy is the above-ground portion of vegetation in forests consisting of the tops of tree forming a kind of celling. In other words, canopy cover is the layer formed by the branches and crowns of plants or trees. INTRODUCTION

4. BASED ON METHODS OF TRAINING CANOPY CLASSIFICATION

5. CANOPY CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF METHODS OF TRAINING

6. In this system the main stem of the tree is allowed to grow uninterrupted. The first branch is allowed to grow at 45 to 50 cm height from ground level and other branches are allowed to grow on main stem at a distance of 15 to 20 cm. As the main stem grows continuously in this system the tree attains robust shape. CENTRAL LEADER SYSTEM

7. In this system when the plant attains a height of 40 to 50 cm, it is beheaded. From the subsequent vegetative growth, 4 – 5 branches well scattered, arranged and distributed all around the main stems are selected. Widely used for peaches and good for mechanical harvesting. OPEN CENTER SYSTEM

8. MODIFIED LEADER SYSTEM This is intermediate form of central leader and open centre system and draws benefits of both systems. In this system, the main stem is allowed to grow for 4 to 5 years . After that, it is cut at a height of 120 to 150 cm from ground level. On the main stem, the first shoot is selected at a height of 40 cm from ground and 4 to 5 branches located at a distance of 15 to 20 cm and placed all around the main stem and are selected.

9. METHOD OF TRAINING FRUIT CROP Modified centre leader system Mango Ber Apple Pear Cherry Oper center system Guava Fig Apricot Pear (in India) Centre leader system Apple Pear pecans EXAMPLES Singh, J. 2002.Basic Horticulture, Kalyani Publishers. pp.158-166.

10. SOME SPECIAL METHODS OF TRAINING

11. In this system, the height of the plant is kept to 2.0 metre. During first year, the plant is cut a height of 70cm . No shoot is allowed to grow upto a height of 25cm to 30cm. Above this height, 3 to 4 branches are allowed to grow over which no of branches emerge out. This plant acquire the shape of bush . Example- apple BUSH SYSTEM

12. PYRAMID SYSTEM In this system, the plants are trained in a fashion so that the lower branches may remain longer and higher branches gradually smaller. The branches are allowed to grow on main stem at 20 cm height from ground level. The plants are pruned from the tip of main stem and branches to maintain pyramid shape.

13. The word espalier is French in origin meaning a fence. It refers to the support used for training trees especially apple and pears. The tree trained through this system consists of three to six tiers of horizontal branches trained to grow one foot apart from each others. Hence , branches are grow parallel to the ground. ESPALIER SYSYEM

14. Cordon refers to closely spurred single stemmed tree tied to a support eg wires or bamboo canes ,either in vertical ,oblique or horizontal position. The trained plants bear early crop as compared to dwarf pyramid and bush system. The plants are planted at a distance 1 to 1.5 cm. This system usually find favour in apple and pears . CORDON SYSTEM

15. This is a system of training fruit trees along with trellis of wire to harvest early and high yield without use of dwarfing rootstock. The system was developed by David Chamlers ,Ban Van den Ende and Leo van Heek during the year 1973 at Irrigation Research institute, Tatura, Victoria, Australia. The orientation of trellis kept to north – south direction. This is suitable for training and maintaining orchard of apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, sweet cherry, kiwifruit and grape. TATURA TRELLIS

16. TATURA TRELLIS

17. TRAINING METHODS FOR GRAPE VINES

18. The plants trained through this system, develop in a bush system . The plants are allowed to grow a height of 75 to 90 cm. At the terminal portion of shoots, 5 to 6 side branches are allowed to grow. This is practised in Beauty Seedless, Delight, Perlette and Gold etc. Cultivar. Head system

19. This also known as 4 cane system. The vines are cut a height of 1.65 metres from ground level. This system , first developed by William kniffin in 1850 , is being used to some extent India. This is practiced in Beauty Seedless Early muscat, Delight. KNIFFIN SYSTEM

20. This system is also known as 6 canes system . The vines are allowed to grow to a height of 1.5 to 1.6 cm and then trained with wires. This system is superior over kniffin system. In telephone system there is better penetration of light and good ventilation is there in each and every part of the vine. TELEPHONE SYSTEM/ OVERHEAD TRELLIS SYSTEM

21. The vines are trained on criss-cross network of wires .To create network of wires, poles are fixed at a distance of 4.5 to 6 metres . It is most expensive of all systems but still practised at a commercial scale . bower system is best suited for training grapevines . This system has many advantages. As the grapes berries remain hidden under canopy of leaves, the bird scaring is prevented in bower system. The berries are not dessicated by wind. This system is well suited for vigorous cultivar like Anab-e-Shahi. BOWER SYSYEM

22. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE OF CANOPY

23. The columnar plant forms consists of a single stem with small side branches. In this system 10000 trees/ha are reached Trees are shaped like columns. Examples-Apple, peach. COLUMNAR SHAPED TREE

24. Vase shaped canopies branches grow at sharp upward angel from the trunk. Vase shaped trees are graceful and perfect for lining, walk ways. Example- Peach VASE SHAPED TREE

25. It is an open center canopy . The most productive part is at the top of the periphery. Large part of the trees remain productive . The trees with their regular rounded shape. Example – Peach , Plum GLOBULAR SHAPED TREE

26. These trees have an open , irregular shape that may be wider than it is tall. They are very smaller, bushy, specimen trees. Example-Cherry,mango, sapota SPREADING OR OPEN SHAPED TREES

27. It forms light efficient canopies in which the top of trees does not heavily shaded the bottom of branches. This structure is similar to pyramidal shape tree. EXAMPLE: Apple CONICAL SHAPE TREES

28. This provide uniform light exposer to the entire bearing surface. This canopy shape has a potential for mechanical harvesting of fruit. Example: Apple, pear , grapes HORIZONTAL CANOPY

29. CANOPY MANAGEMENT

30. Canopy management of the fruit trees deals with the development and maintenance of the structure in relation to size, shape, orientation of branches & light interception for the maximum productivity and quality. In other words, Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopy to optimize its production potential with excellent quality fruits. CANOPY MANAGEMENT

31. Principles of canopy m anagement Maximum utilization of light. Avoidance of built-up microclimate favorable for diseases and pest infestation. Convenience in carrying out the cultural practices. Maximizing productivity with quality fruit production . Objectives of canopy management To get the higher yield with good quality. To maintain a good balance between root and shoot growth. To remove unwanted, overcrowding, dead disease and pest affected shoots. To regulate the tree architecture .

32. CANOPY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Canopy management through PGR Canopy management through training and pruning Canopy management through ROOTSTOCK and SCION

33. Rootstock - Rootstock is the lower portion of the graft which develops into the root system of the grafted or budded plant. It supply nutrient and water to plant . Scion - The plant part grafted onto the rootstock or upper part of the plants usually called as scion. It will produce the shoots, leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit in future . Interstock - It is a piece inserted between scion and rootstock in grafting (as to allow union of incompatible varieties)

34. Characteristics of good rootstocks Should exhibit a high degree of compatibility with scion cultivars and give maximum productive life to the trees. Should be well adapted to the agro- climatic conditions of the particular locality like frost, cold and heat. Should be resistant to diseases and pests prevalent in the concerned area. Should be tolerant to adverse soil conditions like salt and drought. Benefits of dwarfing rootstocks Reduce tree size Easy to prune Improve productivity Easy to spray

35. mechanisms Specific features Reference Anatomy of dwarfing rootstock Smaller xylem vessels and less xylem fiber. Dwarfing rootstocks induces two most important effects i.e. precosity and reduction in tree size Hydraulic conductivity Reduced root hydraulic conductance help to induces dwarfism. Nardini et.al .,2006 Reduced root system of dwarfing rootstocks Dwarf rootstock have small and limited root system More dwarfing s rootstock the smaller is its root system, i.e M9 Fernadez et.al., 1995 DWARFING MECHANISMS OF ROOTSTOCK

36. SN FRUIT CROP VARIETIES 1 Mango Amrapali, Mallika 2 Guava Pant Prabhat 3 Apple Red Chief, Red Spur, Stark Spur Gold, Well Spur 4 Cherry North Star, Meteor 5 Litchi Culcuttia, China 6 Peach Red Heaven 7 Sapota PKM-1, PKM-3 (Saroj and Singh, 2008) Genetically dwarf scion cultivars

37. Dwarfing rootstocks S.N FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE CHARACTERS 1 Mango Vellaikolamban Olour Rumani Dwarfing rootstock for Alphonso and Dasheri 2 Guava Pusa Srijan P. friedrichsthalianum P. pumilium Dwarfing rootstock for Allahabad Safeda Resistant wilt and nemetod Highly dwarf 3 Custard apple Annona glabra Dwarf rootstock

38. S.N FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE CHARACTERS 4 Ber Zizyphus rotundifolia Z. nummularia dwarfing rootstock 5 Apple M9 M27 G.41, G.16 Dwarf, suitable for HDP Ultra dwarf, suitable for HDP New fully dwarf rootstock 6 Pear Quince C Ultra dwarf, suitable for HDP

39. S.N FRUIT CROPS ROOTSTOCKS DESIRABLE CHARACTERS 6 Plum Pixy Ultra dwarf rootstock 7 Peach Rubira, Tetra Semi dwarfing rootstock 8 Cherry Mazzard Colt Dwarf, commercial rootstock for sweet cherry Semi dwarf 9 Citrus Flying Dragon Trifoliate orange Troyer citrange Potential dwarfing rootstock Suitable dwarfing rootstock for Kinnow in India (Muthukumar et. al ., 2017)

40. CASE STUDY

41. CONCLUSION P roper growth and definite shape of tree and more no. plants per unit area can be obtained through canopy management. Reduced the infestation of insect pests and diseases through canopy management to get good quality of fruits. Dwarfing rootstocks can be used in several fruit crop production system, especially in high density planting. A better understanding of rootstock and scion interaction, climatic factor needed to be studied, which would aid more efficient selection and use of rootstock in future.

42. REFERANCES Singh, J. 2002. Basic horticulture, Kalyani Publishers.pp.160-165. Bal, J. S. 2006. Fruit Growing, Kalyani Publishers. Sharma, y.k., Goswami, A.M. And Sharma R.R. 1992. Effect of dwarfing aneuploid guava rootstock in high density orcharding. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 49(1): 31-36. Muthukumar, P. and Selvakumar, R. 2017. Glaustas horticulture, New Vishal Publication new Delhi. Pp. 75-91.