CARBON AND ITS COUMPOUNDS Class 10 .pptx

Class 10 Carbon And its compounds

1. CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SUB-CONCEPTS: 4.1 BONDING IN CARBON-COVALENT BOND 4.2 VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON 4.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 4.4 SOME IMPORTANT CARBON COMPOUNDS 4.5 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

3. 1STPILLAROF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1.F.WHOLER –SYNTHESIS OF OXALIC ACID COOH COOH 2.SYNTHESIS OF UREA NH 2 –CO-NH 2

4. PILLARSOF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2. H.KOLBE: S YNTHESIS OF ACETIC ACID ( CH 3 COOH) 3.M.BERTHELOT : S YNTHESIS OF FATS AND THE PREPARATION OF ACETYLENE FROM CARBON AND HYDROGEN acetylene : C 2 H 2 4.A.BUTLEROV : S YNTHESIS OF SACCHARIDE FROM HCHO INFERENCE: 1. There is a close relation between organic and inorganic substances . 2.There is a possiblity of the mutual transformation of substances

5. SACCHARIDE

6. Fomula of saccharide STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE

7. Organic chemistry Definition: Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocabons and their derivatives.(except CO,CO 2 ,CARBONATES,BICARBONATES AND CARBIDES e.g. 1.LPG(C 4 H 10 ) 2.ALCOHOL(C 2 H 5 OH) 3. ACETIC ACID (CH 3 COOH)

8. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.Usually do not dissolve in water 1.Usually dissolve in water 2.Generally dissolve in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, benzene and chloroform 2.Do not dissolve in organic solvents 3.They have usually low melting and boiling points;and they usually decompose on heating 3.They have high melting and boiling points; they do not decompose on heating 4.Inflammable and catch fire easily 4.Non-inflammable and they do not burn 5.Covalent molecules ,so they are non-electrolytes 5.Ionic compounds , so they are electrolytes

9. ACTIVITY 4.1 SL.NO THINGS MADE OF METAL THINGS MADE OF GLASS/CLAY OTHERS(COMPOUNDS MADE OF CARBON) 01 KNIFE MIRROR TOOTH BRUSH 02 SCISSORS TABLE GLASS PLASTIC BUCKET 03 ELECTRIC IRON GLASS TUMBLER SUGAR 04 ELECTRIC FAN LENSE PETROL 05 PRESSURE COOKER ELECTRIC BULB NATURAL GAS 26 ELECTRIC STOVE CERAMICS BUTTER 07 IRON NAIL BRICKS LPG 08 STAINLESS STEEL PLATE BOTTLES FOR DRINKS DETTOL 09 RAILS WINDOW GLASS PAPER 10 ELECTRIC MOTOR JARS FOR FOOD KEROOSENE

10. CONSTITUENTS OF FOOD 1.PROTEINS 2.VITAMINS 3.LIPIDS COMPOUNDS OF CARBON 4.CARBOHYDRATES 5.ROUGHAGE 6.MINERALS 7 WATER DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON(INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)

11. POINTS IN A NUTSHELL EXAMPLES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 1.CLOTHES COTTON.WOOL,TERYLENE,POLYSTER,NYLON 2.MEDICINES COUGH SYRUP,PENCILIN,ASPIRIN ,PARACETAMOL etc., 3.BOOKS. INK ,SOAPS,DETERGENTS , TEA, COFFEE,KEROSENE,RUBBER,DYES, PULSES, etc., 4.PERCENTAGE OF CARBON IN YHE EARTH’S CRUST IS 0.02 IN THE FORM OF CARBONATES ,BICARBONATES,COAL AND PETROLEUM 5.PERCENTAGE OF CARBON IN THE ATMOSPHERE IS 0.03 IN THE FORM OF CARBON DI OXIDE

12. 4.1 BONDING IN CARBON-THE COVALENT BOND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF SOME COMPOUNDS OF CARBON COMPOUND MELTING POINT(IN KELVIN) BOILING POINT (IN KELVIN) ACETIC ACID OR ETHONOIC ACID(CH 3 COOH) 290 391 CHLOROFORM OR TRICHLORO METHANE(CHCl 3) 209 334 ETHANOL OR ETHYL ALCOHOL OR ALCOHOL 156 351 METHANE OR NATURAL GAS 90 111

13. POINTS IN A NUTSHELL 1.Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity (compounds does not give rise to any ions) 2.Forces of attraction between the organic molecules are not very strong , hence their melting and boiling points are low. 3.The atomic number or charge number of carbon is 6(Z=6)

14. Chemistry of carbon 1.What would be the distribution of electrons in various shells for carbon ? 2.How many valence electrons will carbon have?

15. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON 1.DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS 2.Carbon has 4(four) valence electrons.(electrons in the outermost orbit) 3.The reactivity of elements is explained as their tendency to attain octet configuration(ns 2 np 6 ) 4.Valence of carbon is 4(FOUR) ELECTRONS IN THE K-SHELL ELECTRONS IN THE L-SHELL 2 4

16. CARBON W hat happens if carbon gains or loses valence electrons to attain octet configuration? CASE 1.GAINING OF 4 ELECTRONS c +4e- C 4- It would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to 10 electrons. Hence it is not possible to gain electrons to attain octet configuration

17. CASE 2 LOSING OF 4 ELECTRONS: C – 4e C 4+ It would require a large amount of energy to remove 4 electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with 6 protons.Hence it is not possible to attain octet configuration by losing 4 electrons.

18. INFERENCE Not possible to attain octet configuration by losing or gaining electrons.The only possibility is to attain octet configuration by sharing of valence electrons.

19. COVALENT BOND COVALENT BOND A chemical bond which is formed by sharing a pair of unpaired electrons between two atoms of the same kind or different. Points in a nut shell: 1.Covalent bonds are strong within the molecule but inter molecular forces are small.Hence covalent compoundsw have low MP’s and BP’s. 2.No charged particles are formed because of shared electrons.Therefore covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity.

20. ILLUSTRATIONS FORMATION OF HYDROGEN MOLECULE

21. FORMATION OF CHLORINE MOLECULE

22. FORMATION OF NITROGEN MOLECULE

23. FORMATION OF AMMONIA AMMONIA MOLECULE

24. WATER MOLECULE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

25. METHANE OR NATURAL GAS OR MARSH GAS

26. METHANE STRUCTURE OF METHANE

27. ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE FOR AMMONIA NITROGEN TRI HYDRIDE

28. ELE ……………ON DOT STRUCTURE OF CARBON (II)OXIDE ONE OF THE GREEN HOUSE GASES

29. CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF SULPHUR PUCKERED 8-MEMBERED RING

30. ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE OF SULPHUR ELEMENT USED TO VULCANISE RUBBER

31. 4.2 VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON At present we have more than 3 million compounds in organic chemistry due to 1.CATENATION 2.TETRAVALENCY 3.ISOMERISM CATENATION :(self linking ):Unique ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large number of molecules.

32. Three types of long chains CATENATION OF CARBON C-C BOND IS VERY STRONG AND HENCE STABLE ( CARBON IS SMALLER)

33. TETRAVALECY OF CARBON NORMAL OR GROUND STATE AND EXCITED STATE OF CARBON

34. 4.2.1 SATURATED AND UNSATURATED CARBON COMPOUNDS

35. ALKANES OR PARAFFINS 1.VALENCIES of allthe atoms are satisfied by single bonds between them. 2.SATURATED HYDROCARBONS are not very reactive 3. They undergo substitution reaction 4. They do not undergo addition reaction

36. 10 MEMBERS OF ALKANES

37. 10 members of alkanes

38. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons which are characterised by the presence of atleast a double or triple bond between two concecutive carbon atoms. ALKENES OR OLEFINS ( They react with chlorine to produce oil like derivatives.) These are characterised by the presence of atleast a double bond between two consecutive carbon atoms.These are more reactive than alkanes .

39. 10 members of alkenes

40. ALKENES Gen .formula: C n H 2n where n=2,3,4……

41. ALKYNES OR ACETYLENES HYDROCARBONS which are characterised by the presence of atleast a triple bond between any two consecutive carbon atoms. These are very reactive and they undergo addition reactions. . General formula of alkynes: C n H 2n-2 where n=2,3,4,…..

42. Members of alkynes

43. ISOMERISM Phenomenon of existance of 2 0r 3 or more different organic compounds having same M.F. but different structures or properties is called isomerism. ISOMERS : Organic compounds having the same M.F but different structures or arrangement of atoms. CHARACTERSTICS OF ISOMERS They 1. have same M.F 2.have different S.F 3.have different physical and chemical properties

44. POINTS TO REMEMBER ( BEAUTY OF CHEMISTRY) 1.Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms. 2.Butane has 2 isomers (n-butane & iso butane or 2-methyl propane) 3.Pentane has 3 isomers (n- pentane,iso -pentane or 2-methyl butane &neo-pentane or 2,2-di methyl propane) 4.Hexane has 5 isomers (n- hexane,iso hexane or 2-methyl pentane,3-methyl pentane,2,3-di methyl butane,2,2-di methyl butane) 5.Decane has 75 isomers

45. ISOMERS OF BUTANE

46. Isomers Of Pentane Three isomers

47. CARBOCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS OR CYCLO PARAFFINS OR CYCLO ALKANES Saturated hydrocarbons having cyclic structure with the general formula C n H 2n where n=3,4,5,……

48. 4.2.4 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES A SERIES of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain. CHARACTERSTICS OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES 1.can be represented by a general formula 2.Can be prepared by similar methods 3.Have similar chemical properties 4.Show a regular gradation of physical properties 5.Differ from the preceeding compound by a –CH 2 GROUP

49. EXAMPLES FOR HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

50. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF ALKANES

51. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF ALKYNES

52. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols

53. DO LESS BUT DO IT PERFECTLY BEGIN WITH END IN MIND IF YOU DO YOUR DUTY PROMPTLY YOU NEED NOT SALUTE ANYBODY IF YOU POLLUTE YOUR DUTY YOU HAVE TO SALUTE EVERYBODY 20201103