Carbonategroup of mineral

Carbonategroup of mineral

1. DR. HARISINGH G0UR VISHWAVIDYALAYA SAGAR,M.P (A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY) DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY UNDER GUIDANCE OF: PRESENTED BY : M.Tech 1 ST SEMESTER Reg. no.-Y18251029 CARBONATE GROUP MINERALS SURAJ KUMAR GIRI D.R G.C. GAUTAM

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION STRUCTURES MINERALOGY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OPTICAL PROPERTIES GEM VARITIES OCCURANCE USES CARBONATE GROUP

3. These are minerals that contain the elements carbon,oxygen and one or more metallic elements. EX- Calcite ( CaCo ӡ ) Dolomite CaMg (Co ӡ )2 Second most common mineral group. INTRODUCT IO N

4. STRUCTURE CO ӡ anionic group . A carbon cation is situated at the center of the oxygen anions . It is the stable form in the earth crust.

5. MAJOR GROUPS OF CARBONATE MINERALS . Calcite group/ Rhombohedral carbonate Calcite- caco3 Magnesite - Mgco3 Siderite- Feco3 Rhodochrosite - Mnco3 STRUCTURE

6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Color- colouless Hardness- 3 Cleavage- 3 set Crystal system- Hexagonal OPTICAL PROPERTIES: PPL XPL Form- Rhombohedral

7. VARITIERS: OCCURANCE: calcite is very common and widespread mineral. It is produce as a result of biological activity or by chemical precipitation is an essential constituents in lime stones. It is common in metamorphic rocks derived from carbonate bearing sediments and is the major mineral in marble. USES: Calcite is very important industrial mineral. It is an essential raw material in the manufacture of Portland cement. Lime is also widely used in steel industry as a flux, in paper manufacture, soil stabilization, sugar refining. Nail head spar, dog tooth spar,Icelandspar Stalactite.

8. DOLOMITE GROUP Dolomite- CaMg (Co ӡ )2 Ankerite - Ca ( Mg,Fe )(CO ӡ )2 Kutnahorite - CaMn (CO ӡ )2 STRUCTURE

9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Color- White Form- Rhombohedral Cleavage- Rhombohedral Cleavage Crystal system- Trigonal OPTICAL PROPERTIES: PPL XPL

10. VARITIES: Pearl spar, Brown spar, Rhomb spar, Brittle spar.

11. USES: Dolomite is a potential ore mineral for metallic Mg, but most currently is extracted from sea water. Industrial uses are numerous and include glass making, wastewater treatment and metallurgical fluxing. Dolomite is use to manufacture portland cement and in the production of Mgo for use in refractories. Dolostone is used as dimension stone in the construction industry and to make monuments. OCCURANCE: Dolomite is quite common and typically is found as a major constituents of sedimentary dolostone Dolostone is generally considered to be formed from limestone as a result of diagenetic alteration of calcite to dolomite. Dolomite and ankerite are both common gangue mineral in hydrothermal vein and replacement deposits.

12. ARAGONITE GROUP Aragonite - CaCO ӡ Witherite - BaCO ӡ Strontianite - SrCO ӡ Cerrucite - PbCO ӡ Smithsonite - ZnCO ӡ STRUCTURE

13. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES : Color- White Form – Prismatic, Acicular Cleavage – 1 set Crystal system - Orthorhombic OPTICAL PROPERTIES: PPL XPL

14. VARITIES: Flos-ferri , Pisolites

15. OCCURANCE: Aragonite occur in carbonate bearing blueschist facies metamorphic rocks. Cave and hot springs deposits (stalactites , stalagmites, tuffa ) may be composed of aragonite. The shells of some marine invertebrates may be made of aragonite. Aragonite is reported in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal sulfide deposits and in iron rich Sediments associated with siderite and iron oxide. USES: Aragonite could potentially have many of the uses as calcite, but lack of large deposits. Aragonite has little commercial use.

16. OH-BEARING CARBONATES Azurite- Cu ӡ (OH)(CO ӡ ) 2 Malachite – Cu 2(CO ӡ )(OH)2 STRUCTURE

17. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Color- Deep blue Form – Prismatic Cleavage – Basal Crystal system- Monoclinic OPTICAL PROPERTIES : PPL XPL

18. Azurite is a rare variety of gemstone-quality copper ore. Azurite is one of two basic copper carbonate minerals (malachite is the other). Azurite is rarer than malachite and is considered more valuable. VARITIES :

19. OCCURANCE : Malachite is a common mineral in the near surface oxidized portion of Cu-bearing hydrothermal sulfide mineral deposits. It is typically associated with azurite . The carbonate component may be acquired from carbon dioxide dissolved in meteoric water or from carbonate mineral in the host rock for the mineral deposits. USES: Used as a minor ore of copper. The brilliant green color makes it valuable as a decorative stone and for use in jewelry.

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