Carbonyl compound

Carbonyl compound in brief

1. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS PHARMABRIDGES PHARMABRIDGES

2. INTRODUCTION Carbonyl group , in organic  chemistry , a divalent chemical unit consisting of a  carbon  (C) and an  oxygen  (O)  atom  connected by a double bond. The group is a  constituent  of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones , and it is the characteristic functional group (reactive group) of  aldehydes  and  ketones . Carboxylic acids (and their derivatives), aldehydes, ketones, and quinones are also known collectively as carbonyl  compounds . PHARMABRIDGES

3. Because of a difference in the electron  affinities  of the carbon and oxygen atoms, the electron pairs that  constitute  the double bond are held closer to the oxygen atom than to the carbon atom; the electron-rich oxygen atom acquires a negative charge and the electron-deficient carbon atom a positive charge. Thus , molecules containing the carbonyl group are polar. Compounds containing a carbonyl group have higher melting and boiling points than hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms and are more soluble in polar solvents such as water. PHARMABRIDGES

4. The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix to these classes, al to aldehydes and one to ketones. Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group. In cyclic ketones the carbonyl group is assigned position #1, and this number is not cited in the name, unless more than one carbonyl group is present. The atom adjacent to the function is alpha, the next removed is beta and so on. Since ketones have two sets of neighboring atoms, one set is labeled α, β etc., and the other α', β' etc. PHARMABRIDGES

5. PHARMABRIDGES

6. PHARMABRIDGES

7. PHARMABRIDGES

8. Occurrence of Aldehydes and Ketones - Natural Products: Aldehydes and ketones are widespread in nature, often combined with other functional groups. The compounds in the top row are found chiefly in plants or microorganisms; those in the bottom row have animal origins PHARMABRIDGES

9. Synthetic Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones: PHARMABRIDGES

10. PHARMABRIDGES