Cardiac profile test ( cardiac function test.pptx

cardiac function test will give us an idea about how our heart is functioning.

1. Cardiac function Test

2. Introduction Definition:- This cardiac test are methods of identifying heart condition associated with the healthy & unhealthy pathological heart function.

3. Modifiable risk factors of cardiac diseases Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Mellitus Smoking Hypertension Stress Obesity Heavy physical activity Diet high content of fat & chlesterol

4. The Non-modifiable risk factors of cardiac diseases Heredity Age Sex

5. Classification of Cardiac profile tests Group I : Diabetes mellitus -> Disturbed carbs metabolism -> Atherogenic risk factors -> Pre-renal conditions Group II : Cardiac risk evaluation tests Group III : Cardiac injury panel tests

6. Group I Blood glucose Blood urea nitrogen Serum creatinine Serum electrolytes

7. Group II Cardiac risk evaluation test Serum total cholesterol Serum HDL cholesterol Serum Total/HDL cholesterol Serum VLDL/LDL cholesterol Serum triglyceride

8. Group III Cardiac injury panel test Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT) Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Serum hydro butyrate dehydrogenase (SHBD)

9. ECG

10. Electrocardiogram It is most common and most routine test. It is very easy and quick way to assess the heart’s function. By this technique the electric activities of the heart studied, detect abnormal cardiac rhythm and myocardium damage. Risk associated with ECG are minimal and rare.

11. Its Represent P Wave = Atrial Depolarisation QRS = Ventricular depolarisation T = Repolarisation of the ventricles.

12. Procedure Patient lays on bed Small pads are placed on arms, legs & chest to help with the conduction electrical impulses. Several electrodes are attached to the small pads. The electrodes hooks to the machine which traces your heart activity on to a paper.

13. Diagnosis To look for cause of chest pain. To Evalute problems which may be heart-related, dizziness or fainting. To identify the irregular heartbeats. To help determine the overall health o f the heart prior to procedures such as heart attack myocardial infraction,endocarditis . To see how an implanted pacemaker is working. To determine how well certain heart medication are working.

14. Certain Factors affect or may interfere the result of the ECG Obesity Pregnancy Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen ) Movement during the procedure Certain medications Electrolyte imbalances, such as too much or too little potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the blood.

15. Sign & symptoms Heart Rate Heart rhythm Conduction abnormalities Increased thickness of heart muscle. Damage heart muscle. Acutely impairment blood flow to heart muscle. Sign of abnormal cardiac rhythm disturbances.

16. Physical Examination Blood pressure (Direct method) Palpation (Indirect method) Auscultation Heart sound variation.

17. Blood pressure Arterial Blood pressure Definition:- Arterial blood pressure can be defines as the lateral pressure exerted by the moving column of blood on the walls of the arteries. Two measurements Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure

18. Continue… 1. Systolic blood pressure:- (Contraction phase/ ejection phase) It is force exerted by arterial wall during systole. it is maximum pressure during ventricle contraction. 2. Diastolic blood pressure:- ( Relaxing phase/ filling phase) It is the force exerted by blood against arterial wall during diastole. it is the maximum pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.

19. Continue….. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg (millimeters of mercury) Here, systolic pressure is 120 mmHg & diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic & diastolic pressure The normal pulse pressure is 40 mmHg.

20. Cardiac Enzyme Test Enzyme levels to assess how well the body’s system are functioning. Test performed to help diagnose a heart attack and to determine the extent of damage to the heart muscle. The main enzyme are 1) Creatinine kinase (CK) 2) Cardiac troponin (Combination of troponin and ck level is more specific to heart).

21. SERUM CREATININE K INASE It is also known as  creatine phosphokinase  (CPK) or  phospho-creatine kinase . It is iso- enzyme play important role in the intracellular energy transport from mitochondria to myofibrils & other side of energy utilization. CK Consists of two protein subunits (M for muscle & B for brain) which combine to form three isoenzyme forms:- CK-MB, CK-MM, CK-BB.

22. CREATININE KINASE (CK-MB) CK –MB is a primary indicator used to diagnose a heart damage, it is exists in highest amount in the heart. CK-MB is the substance that rises if heart muscle is damaged. CK-MB levels increase to normal levels about 6 hours after a person has had a heart attack. Normal range 5 to 25 IU/L.

23. Cardiac Troponin There are two types of Troponin, Trop- T & Troponin I That is integral to muscles contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle but not smooth muscle. This protein control the interactions of two other substance (actin & myosin) that cause the heart muscle to contract. Normal levels in the blood are very low, but they rise sharply and quickly in response to a heart muscle injury, within 2 or 3 hours after the beginning of a heart attack.

24. Cardiac troponin will also rise in response to angina. It is sensitive to damage than CK, valuable at detecting mild heart attack & early stage. Elevated value are specific to a heart injury.

25. Aspartate Transaminase It is also known as serum glutamate oxaloacetate trasnaminase (SGOT). It is present in high concentrations in cells of cardiac muscle, skeleton muscle. Damage to any of these tissue may increase plasma AST Value. It convert amino acids to amino acid residues, which is vital to energy production.

26. Cholesterol Cholesterol is a substance (a steroid) that is essential for life. It forms the membranes for cells in all organs and tissues in the body. It is used to make hormones that are essential for development, growth, and reproduction. It forms bile acids that are needed to absorb nutrients from food. The test for cholesterol measures total cholesterol that is carried in the blood by lipoproteins

27. A small amount of cholesterol circulates in the blood in complex particles called lipoproteins. Each particle contains a combination of protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid molecules and The particles are classified by their density into  high-density lipoproteins (HDL) ,  low-density lipoproteins (LDL) , and  very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) . HDL-C particles, sometimes called "good" cholesterol, carry excess cholesterol away for disposal and LDL-C particles, or "bad" cholesterol, deposit cholesterol in tissues and organs.

28. Continue.. The extra cholesterol in the blood may be deposited in  plaques  on the walls of blood vessels. Plaques can block the opening of blood vessels, leading to hardening of the arteries ( atherosclerosis ) and increased risk of numerous health problems, including  heart disease  and  stroke .

29. PROCEDURE Fasting blood test measure the cholesterol & triglyceride level in the blood. only water is allowed. This test also called lipoprotein profile.

30. Treatment Surgery:  Severe cases of atherosclerosis may be treated by surgical procedures. Angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Angioplasty involves expanding the artery and opening the blockage so that the blood can flow through properly again. CABG improve blood flow to the heart by using arteries from other parts of the body to bypass a narrowed coronary artery.

31. Cardiac Imaging Cardiac imaging is a subspeciality of diagnostic radiology. A cardiac radiologist supervises or performs and then interprets medical images to diagnose diseases of the heart such as heart disease, leaky heart valves and defects in the size and shape of the heart. A cardiac radiologist uses imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound (echocardiograms), CT (computed tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans

32. MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube during the scan.

33. (MRI) scan is a painless procedure that lasts 15 to 90 minutes, depending on the size of the area being scanned and the number of images being taken . On the day of your MRI scan, you should be able to eat, drink and take any medication as usual, unless advised otherwise. This depends on the area being scanned.

34. CT SCAN (CAT) CT (CAT) COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY:- It uses a combination of X-rays and a computer to create pictures of organs, bones, and other tissues. It shows more detail than a regular X-ray. They use a narrow X-ray beam that circles around one part of the body. The table slowly moves through inside of the machine. This provides a series of images from many different angles. A computer uses this information to create a cross-sectional picture.

35. Ct scan

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