cardiopulmonary endurance by rishita-1.pptx

Cardiopulmonary endurance testing also known as VO2 max testing is very essential in sports.

1. Cardiopulmonary Endurance Testing By- Dr. RISHITA KHURANA (PT) MPT (SPORTS INJURIES)

2. INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary endurance refers to the ability of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system to efficiently deliver oxygen to the working muscles during prolonged physical activity. It is a crucial component of overall fitness and health .

3. FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIOPULMONARY ENDURANCE Numerous factors, including age, gender, training status, and body composition, can influence an individual's cardiopulmonary endurance and performance on fitness assessments. Age: Endurance generally declines with age due to physiological changes Gender: Men typically have higher VO2 max values than women Training Status: Regular aerobic exercise can significantly improve cardiopulmonary fitness Body Composition: Higher levels of body fat are associated with lower endurance .

4. HOW IT IS MEASURED? It includes following components: Metabolic equivalents Metabolic equivalents (METs) refers to the ratio between the energy expended during physical activity and the energy expended while at rest. Finding a person’s MET involves measuring how much oxygen their body uses at rest. Maximum oxygen uptake Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) test determines the maximum amount of oxygen the body is capable of using during high-intensity activities, such as sprinting or biking.

5. IMPORTANCE OF TESTS Cardiorespiratory endurance indicates a person’s level of aerobic health and physical fitness. This information can benefit everyone, not just professional athletes. Having a high cardiorespiratory endurance generally means that a person can perform high-intensity exercise for longer. People trying to lose weight may want to focus on increasing their cardiorespiratory endurance because doing higher-intensity aerobic activities can help a person burn more calories.

6. FIELD TESTS FOR MESASUREMENTS 12 MINUTES COOPER RUN/ WALK -TEST (C 12 RW) QUEEN COLLEGE STEP TEST   THE ASTRAND TREADMILL TEST ROCKPORT WALK TEST

7. 12 MINUTES COOPER RUN /WALK TEST Given by –Dr Kenneth Cooper Year-1968 Also called- (C 12 RW) Objective – To Test aerobic fitness of an individual Equipments needed: 1. Running track ( flat oval) 2.M arker cones 3.R ecording sheets 4. Stopwatch

8. GOALS: Cover as much distance as possible in 12 minutes. SCORING : Distance Covered in 12 minutes is used to calculate Vo2 max. BENIFITS: Simple, inexpensive, and highly correlated with aerobic fitness LIMITATIONS : Relies on participant motivation and pacing

9. PROCEDURE AND SCORING Place markers at set intervals around the track to aid in measuring the completed distance. Participants run for 12 minutes, and the total distance covered is recorded. Walking is allowed, though the participants must be encouraged to push themselves as hard as they can to maximize the distance covered. Scoring:  There are Cooper test norm tablesfor general guidelines for interpreting the results of this test for adults. There is an equations that can be used to estimate VO 2max  (in ml/kg/min) from the distance score (there's a formula for either kms or miles). The formula are derived from the original article by Cooper (1968). Calculations : 1. VO 2max  = (35.971 x distance in miles) - 11.288 VO 2max  = (22.351 x distance in kilometers) - 11.288 g 2. Online Calculator=https://exrx.net/Calculators/MinuteRun

10. NORM TABLES FOR MEN AND WOMEN

11. VALIDITY AND REALIBILITY V alidity:  Cooper (1968) reported a correlation of 0.90 between VO 2max  and the distance covered in a 12 min walk/run. R eliability:  the reliability of this test would depend on practice, pacing strategies and motivation level. There should be good reliability if these issues are addressed.

12. Queens College Step test Given by – McArdle, Katch , Pechar , Jacob- son, and Ruck Year-1972 Objective – To Test aerobic fitness of an individual Equipments needed: 16.25 inches / 41.3 cm step,  stopwatch , metronome or cadence tape.

13. PROCEDURE AND SCORING The athlete steps up and down on the platform at a rate of 22 steps per minute for females and at 24 steps per minute for males. The participants are to step using a four-step cadence, 'up-up-down-down' for 3 minutes. The athlete stops immediately on completion of the test, and the heart beats are counted for 15 seconds from 5-20 seconds of recovery. Multiply this 15 second reading by 4 will give the beats per minute (bpm) value to be used in the calculation below. scoring:  an estimation of VO 2max  can be calculated from the test results, using this formula (McArdle et al.,1972). A rating can be determined using the  VO 2max  norms . men:  VO 2max (ml/kg/min) = 111.33 - (0.42 x heart rate (bpm) ) women:  VO 2max (ml/kg/min) = 65.81 - (0.1847 x heart rate (bpm) )

14. NORMS TABLES FOR MEN AND WOMEN

15. VALIDITY AND REALIBILITY validity:  correlation between recovery heart rate and VO 2max  has been measured as r = -0.75. reliability:  test re-test reliability for recovery heart rate has been measured as r = 0.92

16. advantages:  minimal equipment and costs involved, little time required, and can be self-administered. disadvantages:  Biomechanical characteristics vary between individuals (e.g. taller people are at an advantage). Also, apparently the data was formulated from treadmill running, therefore their assumption is that stepping and treadmill running have the same oxygen cost.

17.   ASTRAND TREADMILL TEST Given by – Per-Olof Astrand Year-1952 Objective – To Test aerobic fitness of an individual Equipments needed: a  treadmill on which you can adjust the gradient,  stopwatch.

18. PROCEDURE AND SCORING This is a running test performed on a treadmill. The treadmill speed is set to 5 miles/ hr (8 km/ hr ). The subject runs at this speed for three minutes, at 0% grade. The gradient is then increased to 2.5% while maintaining the same speed. After every two minutes thereafter, the gradient is increased by 2.5% (keeping the same speed), until the athlete reaches exhaustion. When the athlete is unable to continue, the assistant stops the stopwatch and records the time. scoring:  Record the total time (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute) that the subject lasted, and use it in this formula to calculate VO 2max . VO 2max  = (time x 1.444) + 14.99

19. VALIDITY AND REALIBILITY Realibility : intraclass correlation co- efficients (ICC) of 0.9433. Validity : This test has been validated for a population up to 65 years.

20. advantages:  This test does not require expensive VO 2  analysis equipment, though can give similar results. You can also get a direct measurement of  maximum heart rate  by recording heart rate during the test, which can then be used for setting training target heart rate zones . disadvantages: the test score would be influenced by the variability in maximum heart rate in individuals.

21. ROCKPORT WALK TEST  Given by – Kilne Year-1987 Objective – To Test aerobic fitness of an individual Equipments needed: 400-metre track, Stopwatch , Weighing Scales

22. PROCEDURE AND SCORING procedure:  The purpose of this test is to walk as fast as possible for 1 mile. After you have completed the mile, immediately take your pulse rate. If you do not have a heart rate monitor, you can manually count the number of beats for 10 seconds, and then multiply that by 6 to get your minute heart rate. Note the time it took to complete the mile. You will also need to know your body weight for the VO 2max  calculation. scoring:  A VO 2max  score can be calculated using the following equation ( Kilne et al., 1987 and Mc Swegin et al., 1998): females:  VO 2  = 139.168 - (0.388 x age) - (0.077 x weight in lb.) - (3.265 x walk time in minutes) - (0.156 x heart rate). males : add 6.318 to the equation for females above .

23. NORMS TABLES FOR MEN AND WOMEN

24. VALIDITY AND REALIBILITY Validity:The Rockport Walking Test is a valid predictor of VO(2max). A study found no significant differences between measured and predicted VO(2max) for the 1-mile walk. Realibility:High test-retest reliability was observed estimations of VO2max using the gender specific and generalized equations (ICCs [= 0.97 and 0.96 respectively) and for one-mile walk time (ICC=0.96)

25. advantages:  minimal equipment and costs are required, and the test can be self-administered. disadvantages:  This test is too easy for highly fit people. Also, since you must walk as fast as possible, the accuracy of this test depends on your pacing ability and level of motivation.

26. REFERNCES 1. Cooper, K. H. (1968)  A means of assessing maximal oxygen uptake .  Journal of the American Medical Association  203:201-204. 2. Bandyopadhyay A. Validity of Cooper’s 12-minute run test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in male university students. Biology of sport. 2015 Mar;32(1):59. 3. Alvero -Cruz JR, García MG, Carnero EA. Reliability and accuracy of Cooper's test in male long distance runners. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte . 2017 Jun 1;10(2):60-3. 4. W.D. McArdle et al. (1972)  Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen uptake, physical work capacity and step test scores in college women .  Medicine and Science in Sports , Vol 4, p182-186. 5.Astrand, P.O. (1952) Experimental studies of physical working capacity in relation to sex and age. Munksgaard , Copenhagen. 6.Astrand P.O., Cuddy T. E., Saltin B., Stenberg J. (1964) Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1964;19:268–274 7.Macsween A. The reliability and validity of the Astrand nomogram and linear extrapolation for deriving VO (2max) from submaximal exercise data. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2001 Sep 1;41(3):312 .. 8. Kline G, Porcari J, Hintermeister R, Freedson P, Ward A, McCarron R, Ross J, Rippe J.  Estimation of VO 2max  from a 1-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight.   Med Sci Sports Exerc  1987;19:253-59. 9.McSwegin P, Plowman S, Wolff G, Guttenberg G.  The validity of a one-mile walk test for high school age individuals.  Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science  1998;2:47-63 .