Cardiovascular Disease Power point presentation

This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of cardiovascular disease, exploring its causes, symptoms and risk factors.

1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES - By:Nisha D. Barole Post Graduate Student

2. The heart is divided by a septum into two halves. * T hen halves divided into chambers. * Upper two chambers of heart are called atria and two lower chambers are called ventricles . * Valves allow blood flow in one direction between the chambers of the heart.

3. What is CVD ? • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart, the blood vessels or the both. • Cardiovascular disease refer to any disease that effects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular disease of the brain and kidney and peripheral disease.

4. ▪︎ The diseases and the conditions affecting the heart are collectively known as heart disease. ▪︎ Problems can be in any of the areas. ▪︎ Mainly according to WHO (World Health Organization) this p roblem is common in women. ▪︎ 90 % of women have one or more risk factors for developing heart disease.

5. Most common heart diseases are : Coronary artery disease • Hypertensive heart disease Coronary heart disease • Inflammatory heart disease Ischaemic heart disease • Valvular heart disease Cardiovascular disease • Pericardial disease Pulmonary heart disease • Congenital heart disease Hereditary heart disease • Heart failure Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which affect the heart.

6. ◇ Coronary artery disease is most common forms of heart attack (myocardial infarction) it develops when the major blood vessels that supply your heart become damaged or diseased. Cholesterol-containing deposits (plaques) or condition called atherosclerosis in your coronary arteries. ◇ The coronary arteries supply blood, oxygen and nutrients to your heart. A buildup of plaque can narrow these arteries, decreasing blood flow to your heart. Eventually, the reduced blood flow may cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or other coronary artery disease signs and symptoms. A complete blockage can cause a heart attack. Coronary artery disease

7. A disease of the heart itself caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Cardiovascular disease Sub – umbrella term for number of diseases that affect the heart itself and the blood vessel system (veins/arteries). Causes – include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia. Coronary heart disease

8. Ischaemic heart disease A disease of heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organ. Pericardial disease Pericarditis may be caused by a viral infection or heart attack. In many cases, the cause is unknown. A swelling and irritation of the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart (pericardium). The most common symptom is sharp, stabbing chest pain that may travel to the left shoulder and neck.

9. A failure of the right side of the heart. Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs. Hereditary heart disease Heart disease caused by unavoidable genetic factor. Hypertensive heart disease Heart disease caused by the high blood pressure . Pulmonary heart disease

10. Heart disease that involves inflammation of the heart muscle or/and tissue surrounding it . Valvular heart disease H eart disease that affect the valves of the heart. Inflammatory heart disease

11. A   congenital heart defect  (CHD), also known as a  congenital heart  anomaly and  congenital heart disease , is a  defect  in the structure of the  heart  or vessels that is present at birth. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of  defect . Heart Failure - A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should. - Heart failure can occur if the heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately. - Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs and rapid heartbeat. - Treatments can include eating less salt, limiting fluid intake and taking prescription medication. In some cases a defibrillator or pacemaker may be implanted. Congenital heart disease

12. Some types of blood vessel disorders : Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis High blood pressure ( hypertension) Stroke Aneurysm Peripheral arterial disease and claudication • Vasculitis • Venous incompetence • Venous thrombosis • Varicose veins • Lymphedema

13. A build up of cholesterol plaque in the walls of arteries, causing obstruction of blood flow. Plaques may rupture, causing acute occlusion of the artery by clot. * High BP (Hypertension) A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120. Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis -

14. * Stroke Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply. A stroke is a medical emergency. Symptoms of stroke include trouble walking, speaking and understanding, as well as paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg.

15. A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.  A ruptured aneurysm can result in internal bleeding and stroke. It can sometimes be fatal. * Pericardial arterial disease and Claudication Pain, commonly in the legs, caused by too little blood flow, usually during exercise. Often indicates peripheral artery disease. * Vasculitis An inflammation of the blood vessels that causes changes in the blood vessel walls. Vasculitis can cause vessel walls to thicken and narrow, cutting off vital blood supply to tissues and organs. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, weight loss and muscle and joint pain. Aneurysm -

16. The veins in your legs carry  blood  back to your  heart .  * Venous thrombosis Venous thrombosis  is thrombosis in a vein, caused by a thrombus (blood clot). The most common form of venous thrombosis is a  Deep Vein Thrombosis  (DVT), when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the leg. * Varicose veins Varicose veins are enlarged, swollen, and twisting veins, often appearing blue or dark purple. They happen when faulty valves in the veins allow blood to flow in the wrong direction or to pool. More than 23 % of all adults are thought to be affected by  by varicose. veins. Venous incompetence -

17. Swelling in an arm or leg caused by a lymphatic system blockage. Lymphedema -

18. Failure of conduction of impulses through the A.V. node # Damage to S.A. node causes week impulses failing to reach the ventricles . Cardiac pacemaker established normal rhythm , it is small , battery operated electronic device , it is inserted under the skin . It lead that through a large vein to the heart, where the wires are anchored, which send the electrical impulse to the heart. Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia / Heart block / Trio ventricular block

19. Atrial flutter : rapid , regular contraction of atria or ventricle reaching upto 250- 300 beats per minu te. Fibrillation : a n irregular , random , often rapid heart rate /contraction that commonly causes poor blood flow reaching upto 350- 400 beats per minut e. Defibrillation : is applied to the chest wall to help in cardioversion. Defibrillation is a technique used to counter the onset of ventricular fibrillation , a common cause of cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is part of an advance cardiac life support, it applies a controlled electric shock.

20. Cardiac arrest : S udden , unexpected loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness . Palpitation : uncomfortable sensation in the chest associated with arrhythmia . This causes : 1. PAC- Premature Atrial Contraction. 2. PVC- Premature Ventricular Contraction.

21. Myocardial infarction Commonly known as heart attack. A blockage of blood flow the heart muscle.

22. Angina Commonly known as Ischemic chest pain. A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

23. DIAGNOSIS : Blood test : laboratory test used to detect the risk factors for heart diseases . These include detection of the fats, cholesterol and lipids components of the blood including LDL, HDL, triglycerides. Blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin is measured for detection of diabetes. C-reactive protein (CRP) and other protein makers like Apolipoprotein A and B are used to detect inflammation that may l ead to heart disease .

24. Electrocardiogram : this is a simple and a painless test that records the heart’s electrical activity. The patient is strapped to the instrument with several patches or leads placed over his/her chest, wrists and ankles. A small portable machine records the activity of the heart on a stripe of graph paper, it shows how fast heart is beating . An ECG can help to detect a heart , attacks of angina, arrhythmia.

25. Stress testing : in this test patient is made to work hard e.g. run on the treadmill or exercise which the leads of ECG are placed over their body. Those who cannot exercise are given pills to raise their heart rate. This test detects the effects of the exercise on the heart.

26. Echocardiography : this test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart . This is also a painless test where a probe is rolled over the chest and the machine creates the image of the heart on the monitor . This provides information on the shape, size, working , valves and chambers of the heart .it may also be combined with doppler to show the areas of poor blood supply to the heart. It shows the areas of the heart muscle that are not contacting normally and previous injury to the heart muscle.

27. Coronary angiography : this test is an invasive test . A dye is injected into the veins to reach the coronary arteries . This is done via coronary catheterisation . Thereafter detailed picture of the blood vessels of the heart are taken using special imaging methods . This is called coronary angiography. Chest x ray : this is a test that shows the shape and size of the heart lungs and major blood vessels . This is a test seldom used in diagnosis of heart diseases at it does not provide added information over echocardiography and other imaging studies .

28. Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) : helps to detect the calcium deposits or calcification in the walls of the coronary arteries . These are early markers of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease . This is not a routine test for CHD. Cardiac MRI : MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of the heart . This gives a 3-D image of the moving as well as pictures of the heart.

29. Holter monitoring : A Holter monitor is a portable device you wear to record a continuous ECG, usually for 24 to 72 hours. Holter monitoring is used to detect heart rhythm irregularities that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.

30. Treatment Allopathic - angiotensin II receptor blocker , angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, Beta blockers . C holesterol medications - consider the options Nitrates - oral (synthetic), sub-lingual, chewable, or buccal (systemic), topical (systematic). Statins - are these cholesterol –lowering drug

31. Cardiac rehabilitation - building a better life after heart disease. Surgical - coronary angioplasty and stenting – opening clogged arteries . coronary artery bypass surgery.

32. Risk factors : Age Absence of key nutritional elements, such as polyphenol antioxidants. Diabetes Mellitus. Hypercholesterolemia and abnormal lipoprotein particle profile. Tobacco smoking. Higher fibrinogen. Men have a higher rate of cardiovascular disease than women, it is also the number one health problem for women in industrialized countries.

33. After menopause, the risk for women approaches that of men. Hormone replacement therapy alleviates a number of post – menopausal problems, but appears to increase the risk Cardiovascular disease. Physical inactivity. Depression. Exposure to high levels of environmental noise.

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