Cardiovascular system and Upper Limb Anatomy.pptx

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1. The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is part of the circulatory system that transports fluids throughout the body. It consists of the heart and blood vessels that form a transportation network. The heart pumps blood through this vast network, carrying nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells.

2. Vascular Circuits The heart functions as two muscular pumps working in series, dividing circulation into pulmonary and systemic circuits. The right ventricle sends low-oxygen blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The left ventricle propels oxygen-rich blood through systemic arteries to the body's tissues. Systemic circulation consists of many parallel circuits serving various regions and organ systems of the body. Pulmonary circulation forms a circuit from the right ventricle through the lungs to the left atrium.

3. BLOOD VESSELS • Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes: The PULMONARY vessels from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the lungs to the LEFT ATRIUM The SYSTEMATIC vessels From LEFT VENTRICLE to BODY and back to RIGHT ATRIUM

4. Functions of blood vessels: CARRY blood EXCHANGE nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues TRANSPORT substances REGULATION of blood pressure DIRECT blood flow to tissue

5. Vessel Structures Arteries: • carry blood away from the heart • thick with a lot of elasticity. Veins: • carry blood toward the heart • think with less elasticity Capillaries: • exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids and have thin wall.

6. Blood Flow Blood flows from arteries into arterioles Arterioles into capillaries Capillaries into venules Venules to small veins Veins return to the heart

7. Blood Vessel Walls Tunica intima: • innermost layer • simple squamous Tunica media: • middle layer • smooth muscle with elastic and collagen Tunica adventitia: • outermost layer • connective tissue

8. Arteries and veins by light microscope

9. Types of Arteries Large Elastic arteries: • largest in diameter • thickest walls • Example - aorta and pulmonary trunk Medium Muscular arteries: • medium to small size diameter • thick in the wall • contain smooth muscle cells • can control blood flow to body regions Small Arteries and Arterioles Narrow lumina with thick muscular walls

10. Types of Veins - Blood flows from capillaries into venules. Blood flows from venules into small veins All 3 tunics are present in small veins Medium sized veins: • collect blood from small veins and deliver to large veins - Large veins: • contain valves

11. BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB

12. An old man with osteoporosis has fallen on his hand and feels great pain in his arm. When he came to the hospital, we found out that he had a fractured part of his arm bone. Which part is the most likely to be fractured?