Carrageenan ppt

carbohydrate containing drugs its very usefull for II.Pharm D STUDENTS

1. CARRAGEENAN Prepared By Mr.E.Suresh Babu Department of Pharmacognosy Vikas Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Air Port, Rajahmundry-533103.

2. SOURCE • Carrageenan or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccrides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. • Carrageenan is derived from a number of seaweeds of the class Rhodophyceae . • Carrageenan is located in the cell wall and intercellular matrix of the seaweed plant tissue.

3. DESCRIPTION They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. • There are three main varieties of carrageenan, which differ in their degree of sulfation . • Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate per disaccharide. • Iota-carrageenan has two sulfates per disaccharide. • Lambda carrageenan has three sulfates per disaccharide. Seaweed

4. CHEMICAL CONSTUENTS Carrageenan is a sulfated poly galactan with 15 to 40% of ester-sulfate content. It is formed by alternate units of D- galactose and 3.6 anhydro - galactose (3.6-AG) joined by α-1,3 and β-1,4 - glycosidic linkage. It is formed by alternate units of D- galactose and 3.6 anhydro - galactose (3.6-AG) joined by α-1,3 and β-1,4 - glycosidic linkage. iota-carrageenan is similar, except that the 3,6-anhydrogalactose is sulfated at carbon 2. • In lambda-carrageenan, the alternating monomeric units are mostly D-galactose-2- sulfate (1,3-linked) and D-galactose-2,6- disulfate (1,4-linked).

5. CHEMICAL CONSTUENTS Carrageenans are linear polymers of about 25,000 galactose derivatives with regular but imprecise structures, dependent on the source and extraction conditions. • The primary differences which influence the properties of kappa, iota and lambda carrageenan type are the number and position of ester sulfate groups as well as the content of 3.6-AG. • Kappa type carrageenan has an ester sulfate content of about 25 to 30% and a 3,6-AG content of about 28 to 35%. • Iota type carrageenan has an ester sulfate content of about 28 to 30% and a 3,6-AG content of about 25 to 30%. • Lambda type carrageenan has an ester sulfate content of about 32 to 39% and no content of 3,6-AG.

6. Preparation The seaweed is washed to remove sand, salts and other foreign matter. It is then heated with water containing an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, for several hours. The seaweed that does not dissolve is removed by centrifugation or a coarse filtration, or a combination. The solution contains 1-2 percent carrageenan and this is usually concentrated to 2-3 percent by vacuum distillation and ultrafiltration. The processor now has a clear solution of carrageenan and there are two methods for recovering it as a solid. 1. Alcohol-precipitation method 2. Gel method

7. PROPERTIES SOLUBILITY : Hot Water: All carrageenan types are soluble in hot water at temperatures above its gel melting temperature. Cold Water: In cold water, only lambda-carrageenan and the sodium salts of kappa and iota carrageenan are soluble. Sugar Solution :All carrageenan types are relatively insoluble in concentrated sugar solutions at room temperature.

8. PROPERTIES 2. GELLING : Hot aqueous solution of kappa and iota carrageenans have the ability to form thermo-reversible gels upon its cooling. This phenomenon occurs due to the formation of a double helix structure by the carrageenan polymers.

9. PROPERTIES 3. VISCOSITY : The viscosity of carrageenan solutions should be determined under conditions where there are no tendencies for the solution to start gelling. Commercial carrageenans are available generally in viscosities ranging from about 5 to 800 cps when measured in 1.5% solutions at 75º C.

10. PROPERTIES 4. STABILITY : Carrageenan solutions are quite stable at neutral or alkaline pHs . At lower pHs their stability decreases, especially at high temperatures. As the pH is lowered hydrolysis of the carrageenan polymer occurs, resulting in loss of viscosity and gelling capability.

11. PROPERTIES 5 . REACTIVITY WITH PROTEINS : One of the most important properties that makes carrageenan different from other hydrocolloids is its ability to interact with milk proteins. The high reactivity of carrageenan with milk is due to the strong electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged ester sulfate groups in the carrageenan molecule, with strong positive charges of the milk casein micella

12. Uses and Applications Gelling Thickening Emulsion stabilizing Protein stabilizing Particle suspension Viscosity control and water retention

13. Uses and Applications 1. FOOD INDUSTRY : Milk Products Ice creams, Chocolate milk, Flans, Puddings, Whipped cream, Yogurts, Creamy milk desserts, Cheeses, Dry mix desserts, Coconut milk Confectionary Dessert Gel, Jam, Dough sweets, Marshmallows, Gum drops, Comfitures, Meringues. Meat Products Cooked ham, Imitation meat, Sausage, Canned meat, Hamburger, Pureed Meat, Poultry, Processed Meat . Beverages Clarifying and refining of juices, beers, wines and vinegars, Chocolate milk, Syrups, Powdered fruit juices, Diet shakes. Bakery Products Cake icings, Tart fillings, Bread dough

14. Uses and Applications 2. MEDICAL USES: against common cold virus infections carrageenans inhibit HPV infection in vitro and in mouse challenge models antibiotics 3. OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Tooth paste, Air fresheners, Pet food , Cosmetics, Paints, Emulsions