Case Studies -M.phil-Eve ppt final..pptx

ppt

1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences Case Studies Research Method Design

2. Case Studies A detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. Case study research design - qualitative methods & quantitative methods Case studies are good for describing, comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem.

3. When to do a case study? A case study is an appropriate research design to gain concrete , contextual , in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. To explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation. They keep the project focused and manageable, especially when time or resources for large-scale research are limited.

4. Person study focuses on one particular individual Group study focuses on a group of people. - family, a group or friends, or even coworkers Location study focuses on a place, and how and why people use the place Subjects of Case-study Administering structured questionnaires to a large sample of respondents to gather data on consumer demographics, preferences, and purchase intentions regarding the new product. Event Organization study focuses on a business or an organization. - include the people who work for the company, or an event that occurred at the organization study focuses on an event, whether cultural or societal, and how it affects those that are affected by it

5. Types of Case studies 5. 6. 7. Descriptive Intrinsic Instrumental 1. 2. 3. Cumulative 4. Critical Instance Exploratory Illustrative

6. Illustrative Case Study It examine a familiar case to help others understand it. It is one of the principal types of qualitative research methodology. It investigates a specific event , phenomenon , or well-known case . It’s not focused on testing a hypothesis or establishing causality, but it’s primarily descriptive and commonly employs one or two instances to illustrate the situation's nature. Example: Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on Coral Bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef: A Study of Ecosystem Resilience

7. Exploratory Case Study This approach is used in a preliminary investigation undertaken before a comprehensive study. Focus: Examines real-life situations and contexts. It helps determine methodologies and research questions for larger studies. It provides broad interpretations of phenomena or cases. Outcome: Identifies areas that require further investigation. Common Fields: Political science, psychology, and other social sciences. Example Exploring Community Awareness of Water Conservation Practices: An Investigation into Local Knowledge of Water-Saving Methods Objective : To explore how much local communities know about water-saving methods.

8. Cumulative Case Study Purpose: summarizes the past studies without spending additional cost and time on new investigations. Analyzes individual cases to develop a broader understanding, rather than focusing on a single case. Outcome: Provides a comprehensive view by synthesizing existing data. Common Fields: Education, Healthcare, Social sciences, Business and Environmental sciences Example Analyzing Long-Term Trends and Impacts of Deforestation on Biodiversity and Climate Change: A Case Study of the Amazon and Southeast Asia A qualitative method that gathers information from multiple sources over time.

9. Critical Instance Case Study Purpose: This approach defines a particularly revealing event’s cause and effect . This investigation type is primarily conducted to scrutinize one or more sources with significant interest and, occasionally, even of little interest overall. Outcome: A critical examination of a particular case can also challenge a universal claim, as it can shed light on a broader problem. Common Fields: Education, Healthcare, Social sciences etc. Example The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Case studies of critical instances are focused on a particular pivotal or critical case or event.

10. When a hypothesis is formed, a descriptive study can be designed, starting with the definition of the topic under investigation. Purpose: to establish links between the subject matter and a theoretical framework without definitely attempting to interpret or explain the findings The study can be concluded, after making these connections, . The results of the descriptive case study will usually suggest how to develop a theory further. Example Assessing the Impact of Industrial Discharge on Water Quality in the Ganges River: A Descriptive Study Descriptive Case Study A descriptive report would employ quantitative data as a starting point for conducting more comprehensive research.

11. The intrinsic studies is on an individual phenomenon or case with distinct characteristics and unique value. Common fields: P sychology, Healthcare, or Social work, Sociology. Example Examining the Restoration Success of a Single Wetland Ecosystem: An Intrinsic Case Study of the Florida Everglades Intrinsic Case Study Purpose: The aim of such studies is not only to understand the subject better but also their history and how they interact with their environment.

12. An instrumental case study, primarily used in qualitative research, selects a specific case to provide insights and information about a broader research question. Common fields: P sychology, Healthcare, or Social work, Sociology. Example Exploring the Impact of Urban Green Spaces on Community Well-Being: An Instrumental Case Study of New York City's Central Park Instrumental Case Study It offers a lens through which researchers can explore complex concepts, theories, or generalizations.

13. How to conduct case study? Administering structured questionnaires to a large sample of respondents to gather data on consumer demographics, preferences, and purchase intentions regarding the new product.

14. Step 1: Select a case Once you have developed your  problem statement  and  research question , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to: Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem unlike quantitative or experimental research. a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem. Open up new directions for future research Example Case study on a wind farm development on rural area

15. Step 2: Build a theoretical framework While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to: Exemplify  a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation Expand  on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated Challenge  a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a   literature revie w  of sources related to the topic and develop a  theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

16. Step 3: Collect your data There are many different  research methods  you can use to  collect data  on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as  interviews, observations and analysis of  primary and secondary sources  (e. g, Newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data. Example of a mixed methods case study A case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

17. Step 4: Describe and analyze the case In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject. How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or  thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the  methods, research and discussion. Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using  textual analysis or discourse analysis ). In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

18. Elements of case study with example

19. Components of case study Title Abstract Introduction Background information Objectives 4.Literature Review Theoretical framework Contextual background 5.Methedology Study areas and population Data Analysis Statistical Analysis Spatial Analysis 6. Results and Discussions 7. References

20. Comparative geospatial approach for agricultural crops identification in interfluvial plain - A case study of Sahiwal district, Pakistan Abstract To establish the scenario of crop identification, the stage of crop provides diverse spatial information about the variety of crops due to its spectral changes. The main aim of this study was to the identify the crop types and their behavior using remote sensing and geographical information system-based approach. Moreover, two main methods were applied to the Sentinel-2 satellite data in which one is random forest based supervised classification and another was Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) density estimation method through the google earth engine to procure the data in time-efficient way. This study also established the comparison between classified and vegetation index based seasonal compositional datasets for wheat, cotton, maize, and fodder crops. Study discussed the best fit technique for crops identification in the light of observed methods. Furthermore, the vegetation index ranges by the zonal statistics of the field samples were established according to crop precision. Results showed that -22.94, -43.72, 20.61, and 32.49 % dissimilarities existed in wheat, fodder, cotton, and maize results respectively, after comparison of both techniques.

21. Introduction Pakistan is a very rich country in agriculture productively whereas, 18.5 % of GDP is based on the agriculture sector (FAO, 2020). For that purpose, the manual method for agricultural crop identification, using Girdawai based field to field survey to maintain the record of the agricultural crop, has been much difficult and time-consuming. After 2005, Pakistan's satellite-based crop monitoring system flourished due to the timeliness and reliability of crop statistics. Estimating the area of crops through the area frame sampling. The manual method for agricultural crop identification, using Girdawai based field to field survey to maintain the record of the agricultural crop, has been much difficult and time-consuming. After 2005, Pakistan's satellite-based crop monitoring system flourished due to the timeliness and reliability of crop statistics. Estimating the area of crops through the area frame sampling Methodology Two type of datasets were used to accomplish the results in which one was field sample data and another was satellite data. Sentinel-2 satellite data was used for the purpose of classification and NDVI analysis. Being one of the highly essential parameters of surface-atmosphere interactions, land surface temperature (LST) plays a key role in modeling hydrological, ecological, agricultural and meteorological processes on the surface of earth (Zhou et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013). Not only measurements of radiant surface temperature can collect, but with the help of remote sensing instruments the amount of reflecting energy in the red and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can also observed to quantify the severity of abrupt changes in vegetation (Yue et al., 2007). In this study, the crop surface temperature is extracted using Landsat Satellite data. Composite of land surface temperature for the months of February and March were used to extract the temperature ranges on wheat and fodder with respect to the field signature

22. Result In this research, four (04) agricultural crops were identified using remote sensing based methodology. These crops were wheat, maize, cotton and fodder. Figure 3 shows the agricultural crops pattern in district Sahiwal which were derived from the supervised classification for the observed crops so that, the Figure 5 also showing the annual production area for observed crop of the studied region. The research determined that 317519 acres’ (ac) areas has been occupied by the wheat and 170842, 114948, 125980 ac cultivated with fodder, cotton and maize respectively . The acre is formulating (1 acre = 4046.86 m2 ) in this study to measure the tracts of land and it is also use as unit of land globally as well in Pakistan. This research analysis showed that the supervised classification method has better accuracy than the signature based NDVI extraction for crop cover identification. Wheat, cotton, maize and fodder had 84, 80, 81and 71 % accuracies respectively which were perceived using random forest classifier. The acquired methods and findings of this study are technically practical and experimental that would be highly recommended for concern departments to enhance the efficiency of results in time and cost efficient ways. This research will also help specially, in those area, where different crops are cultivated in same time especially in the regions similar to Pakistan. Danish Raza1,2,* , Hong Shu1 , Sami Ullah Khan2 , Muhsan Ehsan3 , Urooj Saeed2 , Hasnat Aslam4 ,Rana Waqar Aslam1 and Muhammad Arsha

23. Advantages case studies can help us to understand a topic holistically and from multiple angles. depth analysis of complex phenomena Examination of rare and Unusual Phenomena. Ideal in Situations where Researchers cannot Control the Variables Experimental designs where a study takes place in a lab or controlled environment are excellent for determining cause and effect Case studies are not generalizable because they tend not to look at a broad enough corpus of data to be able to infer that there is a trend across a population. Subjectivity in interpretation Case studies usually (but not always) use qualitative data which helps to get deep into a topic and explain it in human terms, finding insights unattainable by quantitative data. Difficulty in replicating results Case study research is often non-replicable because the study takes place in complex real-world settings where variables are not controlled. Limitations

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