Case theory in Punjabi Language syntax

1. Presented to : Dr. Athar Khursheed By : Basharat Rasheed Mirza NCBA & E Gujrat Case Theory in Punjabi Language

2. Introduction Research Question Research Methodology Literature Review Data Analysis Conclusion Contents

3. Case theory, a component of GB theory, deals with the property that all the noun phrases assume to have in common. Lacking of this feature gives rise to ungrammatical structure in the sentence. Two cases are generally recognized in English language; Accusative case and Nominative case. The work will revolve around the comparison and analysis of different English and Punjabi phrases (or sentences) with reference to Case Theory, Accusative and Nominative Cases, Verbs and prepositions, and, adjectives and nouns. Introduction

4. How does Punjabi language differ in Nominative and Accusative properties from English language? Research Question

5. The researcher has applied Qualitative Research Methodology in carrying out the research. The researcher has taken various samples of English and Punjabi languages, applied the Case theory on these samples, resulting in the analysis of these sentences and showing the relationship of accusative and nominative cases with other parts of speech; nouns, adjectives, verbs and prepositions. Research Methodology

6. In many languages cases assign the roles to subject, direct object, and indirect object. Case has been defined as "a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."(Blake, Barry J.  Case . Cambridge University Press: 2001). “The morphology associated with grammatical relations is called case.” (Carnie, Andrew. Blackwell Publishers Oxford: 2001). Here, the Cases should be distinguished from the thematic roles, as cases are morphological categories, whereas thematic roles are semantic in nature. Thematic roles represent meaning, whereas Cases represent how an NP functions grammatically in the sentence. Literature Review

7. Case Theory “Case Theory deals with assignment of abstract Case and its morphological realization.”(Chomsky, 1981).Case Theory primarily deals with two cases, i.e., Nominative and Accusative. In English language, cases that are found with subject of a sentence are called Nominative case. And those with objects of a sentence are called Accusative case. Cont'd …

8. Nominative Case Any NP, noun or pronoun that acts as subject of a sentence, and is not governed with any case marker, has Nominative case. For example, Khurram eats cakes. He eats cakes. They eat cakes. We play cricket. It rains. In the above examples Khurram, he, they, we, and it, act as the subjects of the sentences and they do not take any case marker, so they possess Nominative case. Cont'd …

9. Accusative Case Any NP, noun or pronoun that acts as the object of a sentence, and is not governed with any case marker, bears Accusative case. For example, Hina helped her . Shehzad hit Akhtar . They came into the room . She wrote it . He saw them . In the above examples her, Akhtar, the room, it, and them act as the subject of a sentence and so they possess Accusative case. Cont'd …

10. Some English Nominative and Accusative Case pronouns are given in the following table. Cont'd … Nominative Pronouns Accusative Pronouns I Me He Him She Her It It We Us You You They Them

11. Chomsky’s Case theory observes that an NP must get its specific place in the structure of the sentence, and that specific place is assigned by the case markers. In English language Verbs and Prepositions may Assign Nominative and Accusative case to the NPs, but Nouns and Adjectives have no ability to mark the cases in a sentence. In English language Verbs follow Nominative case, and Accusative Case is followed sometimes by a verb and sometimes by a preposition. But in Punjabi language Nominative and Accusative cases come together, following the verb or an indirect object. Cotn'd …

12. Accusative Case and Verb 1. We (NOM) eat (V) cakes (ACC). Asi (NOM) cake (ACC) khane (V) aan . 2. She (NOM) helped (V) him (ACC). Onne (NOM) odi (ACC) madad (V) kiti . 3. He (NOM) teaches (V) them (ACC). O (NOM) onna (ACC) nu parhaanda (V) ae . 4. Irfan (NOM) beats (V) him (ACC). Irfan (NOM) onnu (ACC) marda (V) ve . Result In the comparative analysis of the above sentences the researcher has concluded that in English language Accusative case comes after the Verb and in Punjabi language Accusative case comes before the Verb. Data Analysis

13. Accusative Case and Preposition 1. He (NOM) is looking (V) at (P) me (ACC). O (NOM) mere (ACC) al (P) vekh (V) reya ve . 2. They (NOM) went (V) to (P) the party (ACC). O (NOM) party (ACC) te (P) gye (V). 3. She (NOM) plays (V) with (P) a doll (ACC). O (NOM) gudi (ACC) nal (P) khedadi (V) ae . 4. The glass (NOM) is (V) on (P) the table (ACC). Glass (NOM) maze (ACC) te (P) peya (V) ve . Result The researcher has analyzed the above sentences and concluded that in English language Preposition comes after the verb and before the Accusative case (V-P-ACC), whereas, in Punjabi language Accusative case and Verb change place but Preposition occupies the same place (ACC-P-V). Data Analysis

14. Accusative Case and Adjectives 1. You (NOM) gave (V) a red (Adj.) flower (ACC) to her (ACC). Tun (NOM) onnu (ACC) ik sua (Adj.) phul (ACC) dita (V). 2. He (NOM) received (V) a beautiful (Adj.) gift (ACC) on his birthday. Onne (NOM) apni salgirah te ek sona (Adj.) tohfa (ACC) wasul (V) kita . 3. I (NOM) gave (V) an old (Adj.) book (ACC) to him (ACC). Main (NOM) onnu (ACC) ik purani (Adj.) kitab (ACC) diti (V). Result The researcher analyzes that in English language Adjective comes along with the Accusative case. And same is the case in Punjabi language. Data Analysis

15. Nominative Case 1. Irfan (NOM) talked (V) to (P) them (ACC). Irfan (NOM) ne onna (ACC) naal (P) gal (V) kiti (LV)c. 2. He (NOM) bought (V) a pen (ACC). Onne (NOM) ek pen (ACC) kharidya (V). Result The above examples show that Nominative case holds the same properties in English as well as in Punjabi language. Data Analysis

16. In the light of above discussion, the researcher concludes that English and Punjabi languages possess same properties in Nominative case, whereas, in Accusative case there are slight differences. These differences are seen in the relationship of Accusative case with Verb and Accusative case with Preposition. Accusative case with Adjective bears same properties in both the languages. Conclusion

17. Cook, V.J. and Mark Newson (1996) Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Carnie, Andrew (2001) Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell. References

18. Thank you