Cattle farming

its all about cattle farming

1. A SEMINAR ON

2. DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE

3. Cattle husbandry Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes— milk and draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. Indian cattle belong to two different species, Bos indicus , cows, and Bos bubalis , buffaloes. Milk-producing females are called milch animals (dairy animals), while the ones used for farm labour are called draught animals.

4. What is cattle farming

5. Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, domesticated since at least the early Neolithic. Geneticists and anthropologists used to suspect that, 10,000 years ago, Africans domesticated local cattle. A study was done by University of Missouri researchers reported that ancient domesticated African cattle originated from multiple regions, in the middle-east and India .

6. Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland . Raising cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding , cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging,  dehorning, loading, medical operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on  behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as  fences . Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce  M. bovis   infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease . Milk production depends, to some extent,on the duration of the lactation period, meaning the period of milk production after

7. What is hybridization

8. Hybridisation refers to crossing between genetically crossing between geneticallydissimilar species. Milk production depends, to some extent,on the duration of the lactation period, meaning the period of milk production afterthe birth of a calf. So, milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation period.Exotic or foreign breeds (for example, Jersey, Brown Swiss) are selected for long lactation periods , while local breeds (for example, Red Sindhi , Sahiwal ) show excellent resistance to diseases . The two can be cross-bred to get animals with both the desired qualities.

9. Exotic cows

10. Hereford Originated in England Red with white points Horned usually Known for pink eye Bos Taurus / British Breed Classification

11. Texas Longhorn Originated in the United States Various colors Almost went extinct Known for Low Birth Weights and Calving ease for Heifers Bos Taurus / British Breed Classification

12. Ayrshire Origin : Scotland High butterfat and Protein Do Well in Harse Conditions Bos taurus /British Breed Classification

13. Jersey Origin Jersey Isle in English Channel High butterfat and Protein Popular due to high components in Milk Small Mature Size Used in Crossbreeding #2 Dairy Breed Bos taurus /British Breed Classification

14. Bramousin Originated in the United States Golden to red in color 5/8 Limousin , 3/8 Brahman Composite Breed Classification

15. Dutch Belted Dual Purpose Developed in Holland from cattle originating in Austria Moderate Frame Size Bos Taurus/Dutch Breed Classification

16. Holstein #1 Dairy Breed Developed in North Holland and Freisland High Milk Production Large Mature Size Bos Taurus/Dutch Breed Classification

17. Brown Swiss Switzerland Origin Large Cattle Dual Purpose- Braunvieh High Milk Components Large Mature Size Developed at High Altitude Bos Taurus/Swiss Breed Classification

18. Limousin Native to South-Central France Golden-red to red-brown in color Bos Taurus European Breed Classification

19. Braford Developed in Florida 3/8 Brahman, 5/8Hereford Red with white points Composite Breed Classification

20. Wagyu All Japanese cattle Various colors Consists of many Japanese breeds Known for Marbling in the Meat Bos Taurus / European Breed Classification

21. INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS

22. GIR Originated in India. One of the breed used in the devolopement of brhaman cattle breed in U.S.A Very known for its milk producing qualities and is often bred with Friesian cows to make the  Girolando  breed. In Brazil and other South American countries the Gir is used frequently because, as a  Bos indicus breed , it is resistant to hot temperatures and tropical diseases

23. Brahman The  Brahman  or  Brahma  is a breed of Zebu cattle ( Bos primigenius indicus ) that was first bred in America from cattle breeds imported from India.  The original American Brahman cattle originated from a nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of several  Bos indicus  (cattle of India) varieties imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926. Brahman cattle are known for their extreme tolerance to heat and are widespread in tropical regions. They are resistant to insects due to their thick skin. Brahman cattle live longer than many other breeds, often producing calves at ages 15 and older.

24. Nelore Nelore  or  Nellore  beef cattle originated from  Ongole Cattle ( Bos indicus ) cattle originally brought to Brazil from India. They are named after the district of Nellore in Andhra Pradesh state in India. The Nelore has a distinct large hump over the top of the shoulder and neck. They have long legs which help them to walk in water and when grazing. The Nelore can adapt to all except very cold climates. They are very resistant to high temperatures and have natural resistance to various parasites and diseases. Brazil is the largest breeder of Nelore . Nelore have the shortest ears of most  Bos ind ic us   types.

25. Sahiwal   Sahiwal  is a breed of Zebu cattle which primarily is used in dairy production. Sahiwal originated from the  Sahiwal district of Pakistan, a region in Punjab province of Pakistan. Their major characteristics include: High milk yields Tick and parasite resistance Heat tolerant Ease of calving Drought resistant Bloat tolerant Good temperament Lean meat with even fat cover

26. Red Sindhi Red Sindhi  cattle are the most popular of all Zebu dairy breeds. The breed originated in the Sindh province of Pakistan, they are widely kept for milk production across Pakistan, India, Bangladesh , Sri Lanka, and other countries hey have been used for crossbreeding with temperate (European) origin dairy breeds in many countries to combine their tropical adaptations (heat tolerance, tick resistance, disease resistance, fertility at higher temperatures, etc.) with the higher milk production found in temperate regions. It has been crossed with Jerseys in many places, including India, the United States, Australia, Sri Lanka, etc. Other breeds it has been crossed with include Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss and Danish Red.

27. Exotic buffalos

28. African or cape buffalo The  African buffalo  or  Cape buffalo  ( Syncerus caffer ), is a large  African bovine It is not closely related to the slightly larger wild Asian water buffalo, and its ancestry remains unclear . The African buffalo is a very robust species. Its shoulder height can range from 1 to 1.7 m and its head-and-body length can range from 1.7 to 3.4 m  SUBSPECIES Syncerus caffer caffer : It is the typical subspecies, and the largest one. this subspecies is the darkest, almost black . S. c. nanus   : it is the smallest subspecies. S. c. brachyceros  (Sudanese buffalo ): It occurs in West Africa, S. c. aequinoctialis  (Nile buffalo: i t is similar to the Cape buffalo, but somewhat smaller, and its color is lighter . S. c. mathewsi  (mountain buffalo): it is not universally recognized. It lives in mountainous areas of East Africa.

29. Mediterranea Italiana or italian buffalo   mediterranea italiana , is the only indigenous Italian  breed  of water buffalo . It is of the River subtype of water buffalo, and is similar to the buffalo breeds of Hungary, Romania  and theBalkan countries . Its skin is dark slate-grey and hair is black Mediterranea Italiana buffalo are now raised and selectively bred principally for the production of the  buffalo milk used to make buffalo mozzarella , Lactation lasts on average 277 days, and usually yields 1600–1800  kg of milk ;  In 2012 a total of 192,455,300 kg of buffalo milk was produced in Italy, about 1.7% of total milk production in that year. the fat content was an average of 7.92%

30. INDEGEONOUS BREEDS OF BUFFALOES

31. Murrah Most important breed of buffaloes whose home is Rohtak , Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala districts of Punjab and southern parts of Delhi state. Otherwise called as   Delhi, and Kali. The colour is usually jet black with white markings on tail and face and extremities sometimes found. Tightly curved horn is an important character of this breed. Most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India. Butter fat content is 7.83%. Average lactation yield is varying from 1500 to 2500 kgs per lactation. Also used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.

32. surti Also known as Deccani , Gujarati, Talabda , Charator and Nadiadi . The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat. Coat colour varies from rusty brown to silver-grey. The horns are sickle shaped, moderately long and flat. The peculiarity of the breed is two white collars, one round the jaw and the other at the brisket region The milk yield ranges from 1000 to 1300 kgs per lactation. The peculiarity of this breed is very high fat percentage in milk (8-12per cent).

33. Jaffrabadi The breeding tract of this breed is Gir forests, Kutch and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat. This is the heaviest Indian breed of buffalo. The horns are heavy, inclined to droop at each side of the neck and then turning up at point (drooping horns). The udder is well developed with funnel shaped teats. The average milk yield is 1000 to 1200 kgs per lactation. The bullocks are heavy and used for ploughing and carting. These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis , who are nomads.

34. Nili Ravi originated around the river Ravi. This breed is found in Sutlej valley in Ferozpur district of Punjab and in the Sahiwal (Pakistan) of undivided India . The peculiarity of the breed is the wall eyes. Head is small, elongated, bulging at top and depressed between eyes. Horns are very small and tightly coiled. Bullocks are good for heavy trotting work. The milk yield is 1500-1850 kgs per lactation.

35. Mehsana Mehsana is a dairy breed of buffalo found in Mehsana , Sabarkanda and Banaskanta districts in Gujarat and adjoining Maharashtra state. The breed is evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the Murrah . Body is longer than Murrah but limbs are lighter. The horns are less curved than in Murrah and are irregular. Bullocks are good for heavy work. The milk yield is 1200-1500 kgs per lactation.

36. Rearing of cattle

37. Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for cows and buffaloes are required for humane farming , for the health of the animals and for production of clean milk as well. Animals require regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair. They should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them from rain, heat and cold. The floor of the cattle shed needs to be sloping so as to stay dry and to facilitate cleaning

38. The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types: (a) maintenance requirement , which is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life, and (b ) milk producing requirement, which is the type of food required during the lactation period . Animal feed includes: (a) roughage, which is largely fibre , and (b) concentrates, which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients.

39. Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients in proportionate amounts. Besides such nutritious food material, certain feed additives containing micronutrients promote the health and milk output of dairy animals.

40. The internal parasites like worms , affect stomach and intestine while flukes damage the liver. Infectious diseases are also caused by bacteria and viruses. Vaccinations are given to farm animals against many major viral and bacterial diseases .

41. Cross breeds Crossbreeding beef cattle offers two primary advantages relative to the use of only one breed: 1) crossbred animals exhibit heterosis  (hybrid vigor), and 2) crossbred animals combine the strengths of the various breeds used to form the cross. The goal of a well-designed, systematic crossbreeding program is to simultaneously optimize these advantages of heterosis and breed complementarity .

42. What is heterosis Heterosis or hybrid vigor refers to the superiority in performance of the crossbred animal compared to the average of the straightbred parents. Heterosis may be calculated using the formula: % Heterosis = [(crossbred average - straightbred average) ÷ straightbred average] x 100 For example, if the average weaning weight of the straightbred calves was 470 pounds for Breed A and 530 pounds for Breed B, the average of the straightbred parents would be 500 pounds. If Breed A and Breed B were crossed and the resulting calves had an average weaning weight of 520 pounds, heterosis would be calculated as: [(520 - 500) ÷ 500] x 100 = 4 % This 4% increase, or 20 pounds in this example, is defined as heterosis or hybrid vigor.

43. Indian breeds of cows have a very good resistance for diseases while the exotic breeds have a higher lactation period and poor resistance to diseases. So if we cross breed one exotic breed with one indigenous breed we can get better yield and can avoid the risk of diseases up to some exta.nt

44. Some examples of cross breeds of an exotic and an indigenous breed of cow

45. Frieswal Cow Project Directorate on Cattle, Meerut has developed a crossbred cattle “ Frieswal ” (5/8 Holstein Friesian and 3/8 Sahiwal ) in collaboration with Ministry of Defence . Frieswal cows are being maintained at various Military Farms of the country. Presently the total population of Frieswal females at 37 Military Farms located in various agro-climatic regions of the country is 16874 including 1054 elite females. In a mature lactation of 300 days Frieswal cows are producing 3542 kg of milk with 3.9 to 4.1% milk fat

46. Karan swiss The Karan Swiss were developed in India at the National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal . The breed was developed using  Brown Swiss  and  Sahiwal . The percentage of Brown Swiss in the breed ranges from 1/2 to 3/4 of the breeding. The Karan Swiss is a dual purpose breed with the oxen being well suited for work and the cows giving good quantities of milk. High producing females will produce 5000 to 6000 kg with a 4.78% butterfat during a lactation. The breed is usually light gray to dark brown in color. Karan Swiss cows average 127 cm in height and weight in the range of 400 to 550 kg (880 - 1200 pounds). Males will average 136 cm in height and weight from 600 to 750 kg (1300 - 1650 pounds).

47. Average performance of different breeds of cows and Murrah buffaloes maintained at NDRI Karnal Breeds Sahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries Murrah Age at maturity (months) 25.5 26.0 23.7 22.2 32.7 Age at first calving (months) 35.4 42.4 34.6 34.2 44.1 Total lactation yield (kg.) 2266.0 2334.0 3602.0 3585.0 2258.0 Lactation length (days) 297 330 324 320 303 305 days lactation yield (kg.) 2141.0 2104.0 3316.0 3393.0 2012.0 Dry Period (days) 101 114 85 108 122 Calving Interval (days) 391 410 404 402 419 Best 305 days lactation yield (kg.) 4560.0 2894.0 7096 8338.0 4520.0 Service period (days) 107 136 117 123 113 Number of inseminations/ conception 2.19 1.94 2.11 2.1 1.95 Wet average (Kg.) 7.7 7.3 11.3 11.7 7.5 Herd Average (kg.) 5.6 5.2 9.0 9.4 5.2

48. Nageri is a ------------ breed

49. Karan fries is a cross breed of

50. ------------ breed of cow satisfies the following statement Originated in England Red with white points Horned usually Known for pink eye

51. Syncerus caffer refers to --------------------

52. Heterosis was termed by

53. What is M .bovis

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