Causal research Design research methodology

Research Methodology

1. Causal research Design

2. Concept of Causality Ordinary meaning Scientific Meaning X is the only cause of Y X is only one of a number of possible causes of Y X must always lead to Y The occurrence of X makes the occurrence of Y It is possible to prove that X is a cause of Y We can never prove that X is a cause of Y. At best, we can infer that X is a cause of Y

3. Conditions for Causality Concomitant Variation Time order of occurrence of variables Elimination of other possible causal factors

4. Concepts Independent variables/ treatments Test Units Dependent variable Extraneous variable Experiment Experimental design

5. Classification of Experimental Design