cbc.pdf compete blood count DLC Tlc. CBC

Cbc

1. Dr: Mohamed Maher
Research Assistant at National cancer
Institute (NCI)
Founder of Plasma Labs
Founder of plasma company
Phone : [phone]
Mail : [email protected]

2. Hematology
Coagulation
system
Anti coagulation
system
Blood
component
Plasma
Blood cells
types of Anemia
Blood count
Manual
Devices
ABO ,RH blood
group system
Blood
transfusion
blood cancer
Iron profile

4. Blood performs many important functions within the body
including:
Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is
carried in red cells)
Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty
acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins (e.g.,
blood lipids)
Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic
acid
Immunological functions, including circulation of white
blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
Coagulation, which is one part of the body's self-repair
mechanism
Regulation of body pH (the normal pH of blood is in the
range of 7.35 -7.45)

5. Blood consists of ?

6. Plasma?
1.About 55% of whole blood is blood plasma,
2.The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7 –3.0 liters in an average human.
3.It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma
proteins (albumin , globulins and fibrinogen),Other proteins in plasma
includeantibodies(immunoglobulins), which actively defend the body
against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells, andclotting factors, which
control bleeding.
4.and trace amounts of other materials such as glucose, mineral ions, amino
acids, fatty acids and hormones

7. Plasma has other functions
It acts as a reservoirthat can either replenish insufficient
water or absorb excess water from tissues.When body
tissues need additional liquid, water from plasma is the
first resource to meet that need.
Plasma also prevents blood vessels from collapsing and
cloggingand helps maintain blood pressure and
circulation throughout the body simply by filling blood
vessels and flowing through them continuously.
Plasma circulation also plays a role in regulating body
temperature by carrying heat generated in core body
tissues through areas that lose heat more readily, such as
the arms, legs, and head.

9. a)It is also known as red blood
corpuscles
b)Biconcave disk that lack nucleus
c)Filled with hb
d)It is responsible for binding oxygen
in the lung and transporting the
bound oxygen throughout the body
RBCs(Erythrocyte)

14. Molecular structure of HB

16. types of adult Haemoglobinare:
I. HaemoglobinA (α2β2) –Has two alpha chains and two beta chains
II.HaemoglobinA2 (α2δ2) –Has two alpha polypeptides and two delta polypeptides.
III.Hemoglobin F((α2γ2)present in very small amount in adults about 1% (present in fetus

17. Anemia
HB
RBC
HCT
Anemia isa condition in which the number of red blood cells or the hemoglobin concentration within them
is lower than normal.

19. Hematocritis the ratio of the total volume
of RBC‘s to that of whole blood expressed
as percentage (%) (Whole blood = total
volume of cells + plasma).
For example, a hematocrit value of 40%
means that there are 40 milliliters of red
blood cells in 100 milliliters of blood.
Note: The second synonym for hematocrit is
PCV (Packed Cell Volume)
Hematocrit (PCV)

20. Type of
Anemia
Deficiency
anemia
Aplastic
anemia
Hemorrhagic
anemia
Hemolytic
anemia
Anemia of
chronic disease

21. Deficiency anemia
Deficiency anemia
B12
Folic
acid
iron

22. Iron deficiency anemia

23. B12 deficiency
Function

24. B12
Source
Animal
product
Bacterial
Storage Absorption
by intrinsic
factor

27. Aplastic anemia
Aplastic anaemiais a result of decrease in all blood cell production by the bone marrow.
RBCs are one of the types of blood cells affected

28. Bone marrow
failure (BMF)
Secondary
Radiation Drug
Primary
With out
causes

29. Pancytopenia is a condition in which a person’s body has too few red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets. Each of these blood cell types has a different job in the body:
•Red blood cellscarry oxygen throughout your body.
•White blood cellsare part of your immune system and help fight off infections.
•Platelets allow your blood to form clots.

30. If you have pancytopenia, you have a combination of three different blood diseases:
•anemia, or low level of red blood cells
•leukopenia, or low level of white blood cells
•thrombocytopenia, or low platelet levels
Pancytopenia causes and risk factors
cancers that affect the bone marrow, such as:
leukemia
multiple myeloma
Hodgkin’sornon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
myelodysplastic syndromes
megaloblastic anemia, a condition in which your body produces larger-than-normal, immature red blood cells and you have a low red blood cell count
aplastic anemia, a condition in which your body stops making enough new blood cells
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a rare blood disease that causes red blood cells to be destroyed
viral infections, such as:
Epstein-Barr virus, which causesmononucleosis
cytomegalovirus
HIV
hepatitis
malaria
sepsis(a blood infection)
diseases that damage bone marrow, such asGaucherdisease
damage fromchemotherapyorradiationtreatments for cancer
exposure to chemicals in the environment, such as radiation, arsenic, or benzene
bone marrow disorders that run in families
vitamin deficiencies, such as lack ofvitamin B-12orfolate
enlargement of your spleen, known assplenomegaly
liver disease
excess alcohol use that damages your liver
autoimmune diseases, such assystemic lupus erythematosus

31. Hemolytic anemia

32. an enzyme that helps red blood cells work properly.
If you don't have enough G6PD, it's known asG6PD deficiency.
This is agenetic disorderthat mostly affects males. G6PD
deficiency can cause the destruction of red blood cells. When
red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace
them, it's called hemolyticanemia
Women who have slightly lower than normal amounts of G6PD
may be "carriers" of a G6PD deficiency. That means they have
one defective G6PD gene and one normal G6PD gene. These
women rarely have symptoms, as their normal G6PD genes
usually make enough healthy red blood cells. But they have a
risk of passing on the defective gene to their children. Male
children are more likely to develop G6PD symptoms than female
children.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

33. Reticulocyte
What is a reticulocyte count?
Reticulocytes are red blood cells that are still developing.
They are also known as immature red blood cells.
Reticulocytes are made in the bone marrow and sent into the
bloodstream. About two days after they form, they develop
into mature red blood cells. These red blood cells move
oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body.
A reticulocyte count (retic count) measures the number of
reticulocytes in the blood. If the count is too high or too low, it
can mean a serious health problem, includinganemiaand
disorders of thebone marrow,liver, andkidneys.

34. What is it used for?
A reticulocyte count is most often used to:
•Diagnose specific types of anemia. Anemia is a condition
in which your blood has a lower than normal amount of
red blood cells. There are several different forms and
causes of anemia.
•See if treatment for anemia is working
•See if bone marrow is producing the right amount of
blood cells
•Check bone marrow function afterchemotherapyor
abone marrow transplant
•Sometimes new babies are tested for a condition called
hemolytic disease of the newborn. This condition happens
when a mother's blood is not compatible with her unborn
baby. This is known asRh incompatibility. It causes the
mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells.
Most pregnant women are tested for Rh incompatibility as part
of routineprenatal screening.

35. What do the results mean?
If your results show a higher than normal amount of reticulocytes
(reticulocytosis), it may mean:
•You havehemolytic anemia, a type of anemia in which red blood cells are
destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them.
•Your baby hashemolytic disease of the newborn, a condition that limits the
ability of a baby's blood to carry oxygen to organs and tissues.
If your results show a lower than normal amount of reticulocytes, it may mean
you have:
•Iron deficiency anemia, a type of anemia that happens when you don't have
enough iron in your body.
•Pernicious anemia, a type of anemia caused by not getting enough of
certainB vitamins(B12 andfolate) in your diet, or when your body can't
absorb enough B vitamins.
•Aplastic anemia, a type of anemia that happens when the bone marrow isn't
able to make enough blood cells.
•Bone marrow failure, which may be caused by an infection or cancer.
•Kidney disease
•Cirrhosis, scarring of the liver

36. Hemorrhagic anemia
Muscles
Platelet
Clotting
system

37. Anemia of chronic disease

38. Thalassemia
Thalassemia is an inherited (i.e., passed
from parents to children through genes)
blood disorder caused when the body
doesn’t make enough of a protein called
hemoglobin, an important part of red
blood cells. When there isn’t enough
hemoglobin, the body’s red blood cells
don’t function properly and they last
shorter periods of time, so there are
fewer healthy red blood cells traveling in
the bloodstream.

39. What are the different types of thalassemia?

40. thalassemia
Mild
traits minor
Severe
major

41. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. It leads to diminished RBC production due to low
body iron stores. This is the most common cause of microcytic and hypochromic anaemia
Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency leads to the abnormal development and production of RBCs. This is the
most common cause of megaloblastic(large faulty RBCs) anaemia.5 The most common cause of this is
pernicious anaemia, an autoimmune condition resulting in an inability to absorb vitamin B12

42. Blood indices
MCV
MCH
MCHC

45. RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)
1.A red cell distribution width (RDW) test measures
the differences in the volume and size of your
red blood cells (erythrocytes). Red blood cells
carry oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your
body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, make new
cells, and stay healthy.
2.Normally, your red blood cells are all about the
same size. A high RDW means that there's a
major difference between the size of your
smallest and largest red blood cells. This may be
a sign of a medical condition
3.The RDW test may also be used with other tests to
help diagnose other conditions,
includingthalassemia, an inherited disease that can
cause severe anemia.
RDW-SD (standard deviation) test, Erythrocyte
Distribution Width
anisocytosis

46. RDW
RDW-SD
standard
deviation
RDW-CV
coefficient
of variation
Cv= sd/
mcv * 100

47. Platelets (also called thrombocytes) are cell-like particles that are smaller than red or white blood cells.
Platelets are fewer in number than red blood cells, with a ratio of about 1 platelet to every 20 red blood cells.
Platelets help in the clotting process by gathering at a bleeding site and clumping together to form a plug that
helps seal the blood vessel. At the same time, they release substances that help promote further clotting.
When the number
of platelets is too
low
(thrombocytopenia
When the number
of platelets is too
high
(thrombocythemia)

49. how does it work ?

53. leukopenia
leukocytosis
leukemia
When the number of white blood cells is too low (leukopenia), infections are more likely to occur. A higher
than normal number of white blood cells (leukocytosis) may not directly cause symptoms, but the high
number of cells can be an indication of an underlying disorder such as an infection, inflammatory process,
orleukemia.

54. White Blood Cells

55. White blood cells (also called leukocytes) are fewer in number than red
blood cells, with a ratio of about 1 white blood cell to every 600 to 700red
blood cells. White blood cells are responsible primarily for defending the
body against infection. There are five main types of white blood cells
Neutrophils, the most numerous type, help protect the body against infections
by killing and ingesting bacteria and fungi and by ingesting foreign debris
Lymphocytesconsist of three main types:T cells(T lymphocytes) andnatural
killer cells, which both help protect against viral infections and can detect and
destroy some cancer cells, andB cells(B lymphocytes), which develop into cells
that produce antibodies
Monocytesingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against many
infectious organisms
Eosinophilskill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic
responses
Basophilsalso participate in allergic response

60. Blood Cancers
Blood cancer
Leukemia
CML and AML
lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
Hodgkin
lymphoma
myeloma

61. Philadelphia chromosome:
• Results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.
• The dysregulated BCRABL gene encodes a protein with uncontrolled tyrosine kinase
activity.
• Philadelphia chromosome is a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML

62. Acute promyelocyticleukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of acute leukemia
characterized by abnormal proliferation of promyelocytes, life-threatening
coagulopathy (bleeding disorder), and the chromosome translocation t(15;17)
Acute leukemia

64. NON
Hodgkin
lymphoma
B-cell
Marker is
CD 20
Lymphoma

68. DNA
Enzyme
Transferase
Carbohydrate
on surface of
RBC
ABO blood
group Ag

69. Precursor
oligo
saccharide
N-
Acetylglucosamine
A antigen
Precursor
oligo
saccharide
Galactose B antigen
Precursor
oligo
saccharide
N-
Acetylglucosamine +
Galactose
AB
Precursor
oligo
saccharide
--- O antigen

70. Our immune system forms ab against the
missing abo blood group antigens

71. From where theses antibody came ?

72. Rhesus monkey
49 type of RH antigen
Rh ( D) is the most
important

75. RH Blood group AB

77. erythroblastosis fetalis

78. Prevention of HDN
Passive immunization of RH negative mother with anti rhab preparation (RHO GAM)
1-during her first pregnancy ( 28 weeks )
2-againgafter delivery ( 24 –72 h )

79. Precipitation
Agglutination
Agglutinating AB
Non agglutination

80. Anti RH antibody
Anti immune globulin antibody
Anti IGE

82. To diagnose type of microcytic hypochromic
anemia ,Iron profile is recommended .
Iron
Ferritin
TibC(total iron binding capacity)
Transferrin saturation
Iron profile