Cell bio

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1. Structure and function of C ell and its organelles By – A bhishek S oni M.pharm . (I) P harmacology

2. Content Introduction Structure of cell Function of cell organelles Cell cycle & its regulation

3. Cell Biology : Introduction Cell biology is a branch of  biology  that studies the  structure  and  function of the  cell , which is the basic unit of  life . Cell biology is concerned with the  physiological  properties,  metabolic  processes,  signaling pathways ,  life cycle ,  chemical composition  and interactions of the cell with their environment. This is done both on a  microscopic  and  molecular  level as it encompasses  prokaryotic cells  and  eukaryotic cells .

4. Cell Structure There are two fundamental classifications of cells:  prokaryotes and   eukaryotes. The major difference between the two is the presence and/or absence of organelles. Other factors such as size, the way in which they reproduce, and the number of cells distinguish them from one another . Eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells which all have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells, lacking an enclosed nucleus, include bacteria and  archaea . Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, making prokaryotic cells the smallest form of life

5. Cell Structure

6. Difference b/w. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

7. Cell Organelles (1)

8. Cell Organelles (2)

9. Cytoplasm (or Cytosol ) It  is the material within a living cell, excluding the  cell nucleus . It comprises  cytosol  and the  organelles  – the  cell 's internal sub-structures. It suppourts most cellular & metabolic pathways  including  glycolysis , and processes such as  cell division . Movement of  calcium ions  in and out of the cytoplasm is a  signaling  activity of metabolic activity

10. Cell Nucleus Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's  genetic material , organized as multiple long linear  DNA  molecules in a  complex  with a large variety of  proteins , such as  histones , to form  chromosomes . The  genes  within these  chromosomes  are the cell's  nuclear genome  and are  structured  in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating  gene expression

11. MitochondriA They are commonly between 0.75 and 3  μm  in diameter. A single mitochondrion is often found in unicellular organisms. Conversely, numerous mitochondria are found in human liver cells, with about 1000–2000 mitochondria per cell, making up 1/5 of the cell volume. The population of all the mitochondria of a given cell constitutes the  chondriome .

12. Functions of MitochondriA The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP, through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle). A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP. This is done by oxidizing the major products of glucose:  pyruvate , and NADH, which are produced in the cytosol (aerobic respiration). The production of ATP from glucose has an approximately 13-times higher than fermentation

13.  Electron transport chain (ETC) system

14. Ribosome ( translational apparatus ) The  ribosome  is a complex  molecular machine , found within all living  cells , that serves as the site of  biological protein synthesis  (translation). Ribosomes link  amino acids  together in the order specified by  messenger RNA  (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which read the  RNA , and the large subunits, which join amino acids to form a  polypeptide  chain. Each subunit comprises one or more  ribosomal RNA  ( rRNA ) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins.

15. Function of Ribosome Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon (3  nucleotides ) of the mRNA, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an  aminoacyl-tRNA . Aminoacyl-tRNA contains a complementary  anticodon  on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other. For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA , the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes ( conformational proofreading ) . The small ribosomal subunit, typically bound to an aminoacyl-tRNA containing the amino acid  methionine , binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites, designated A, P and E. The  A-site  binds an aminoacyl-tRNA ; [36]  the  P-site  binds a peptidyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized); and the  E-site  (exit) binds a free tRNA before it exits the ribosome. Protein synthesis begins at a  start codon  AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to identify the start codon by use of the  Shine- Dalgarno sequence  of the mRNA in prokaryotes and  Kozak box  in eukaryotes.

16.   Lysosome A  lysosome  is a membrane-bound  organelle  found in nearly all animal  cells . They are spherical  vesicles  that contain  hydrolytic enzymes  that can break down many kinds of  biomolecules . A lysosome is a type of vesicle with specific composition, of both its  membrane proteins , and proteins of its  lumen . The lumen's pH (4.5–5.0) [1]  is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, analogous to the activity of the  stomach . Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion,  plasma membrane  repair,  cell signaling , and  energy metabolism . [2] Lysosomes digest materials taken into the cell and recycle intracellular materials. The lysosomes also act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the  cytoplasm , both from outside the cell and obsolete components inside the cell. Material from outside the cell is taken-up through  endocytosis , while material from the inside of the cell is digested through  autophagy

17. Function of Lysosome

18. Golgi Apparatus The  Golgi apparatus , aka the  Golgi complex ,  Golgi body ,is an  organelle  found in most  eukaryotic   cells . It was identified in 1897 by the Italian scientist  Camillo Golgi  and named after him in 1898. Part of the  endomembrane system  in the  cytoplasm , the Golgi apparatus  packages proteins  into  membrane-bound   vesicles  inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory , lysosomal , and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing  proteins  for  secretion , containing a set of  glycosylation enzymes  that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.

19. Functions of Golgi body The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the  endoplasmic reticulum  (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into  vesicles , which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via  exocytosis  or for use in the cell. In this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the  extracellular space . The Golgi apparatus is also involved in  lipid  transport and  lysosome  formation

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