Cell injury (changes during cell injury)

Cell injury

1. NUCLEAR CHANGES DURING CELL INJURY During reversible cell inj ury Decrease ATP production Increased Anaerobic Glycolysis Increase lactic acid Decrease pH Clumping of nuclear chromatin Clumped Nucleus

2. Irreversible cell injury Lack of oxygen and acidic Ph Degradation of lysosomal membrane Release of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes & digestion of cell components Cell death in form of pyknosis, karyolysis or karyorrhexis Phagocytosed or formation of calcium soaps

3. Pyknosis Karyolysis Karyorrhexis Derived from "pyknos” Meaning thickening /condensation Condensation of chromatin and Shrinkage of nucleus "Karyo" means "Nucleus" "rhexis" means "Bursting / Fragment Fragmentation of Nucleus Dissolution of nucleus in to small fragments /"Basophilic granules"occurs

4. Cell death Cell injury is reversible up to a point, but if the injurious stimulus is persistent or severe, the cell suffers irreversible injury and ultimately undergoes cell death

5. There are two principal types of cell death, Necrosis and Apoptosis , which differ in their mechanisms, morphology, and roles in physiology and disease I n some situations, cell death may show morphologic features of both apoptosis and necrosis, or progress from one to the other, so the distinctions may not be absolute. Apoptosis

6. Normal Cell