Cell Organelles el adalah unit dasar hdp

Sel adalah unit dasar kehidupan yang terdiri dari berbagai organel, yang masing-masing memiliki fungsi khusus untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidup dan aktivitas seluler. Berikut adalah deskripsi singkat mengenai organel-organel utama dalam sel eukariotik:

Nukleus: Nukleus adalah pusat kontrol sel yang mengandung materi genetik (DNA). DNA disusun dalam bentuk kromosom dan berfungsi sebagai cetak biru untuk produksi protein dan pengaturan aktivitas sel. Nukleus juga memiliki membran ganda yang disebut membran nuklir, yang melindungi isinya.

Mitokondria: Dikenal sebagai "pembangkit tenaga" sel, mitokondria menghasilkan energi dalam bentuk ATP (adenosine triphosphate) melalui proses respirasi seluler. Organel ini memiliki dua membran dan DNA sendiri, yang memungkinkannya untuk bereproduksi secara independen dari sel.

Retikulum Endoplasma (RE): RE dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu RE kasar dan RE halus. RE kasar memiliki ribosom pada permukaannya dan berperan dalam sintesis protein, sedangkan RE halus terlibat dalam sintesis lipid dan detoksifikasi zat beracun.

Ribosom: Ribosom adalah organel kecil yang terdiri dari RNA dan protein, berfungsi dalam proses sintesis protein. Ribosom bisa berada bebas dalam sitoplasma atau menempel pada RE kasar.

Aparatus Golgi: Struktur ini berfungsi sebagai pusat pengolahan dan pengemasan protein dan lipid yang diproduksi oleh RE. Aparatus Golgi memodifikasi, mengemas, dan mengirimkan molekul-molekul ini ke tujuan akhir di dalam atau di luar sel.

Lisosom: Lisosom mengandung enzim pencernaan yang digunakan untuk memecah bahan-bahan yang tidak lagi diperlukan oleh sel atau untuk menghancurkan patogen yang masuk ke dalam sel.

Peroksisom: Organel ini berfungsi dalam detoksifikasi senyawa beracun dan metabolisme lipid. Mereka mengandung enzim yang membantu mengurai asam lemak dan memecah hidrogen peroksida menjadi air dan oksigen.

Vakuola: Dalam sel tumbuhan, vakuola besar berfungsi sebagai penyimpanan air dan zat lain, serta menjaga tekanan turgor sel. Pada sel hewan, vakuola lebih kecil dan terlibat dalam transportasi dan penyimpanan zat.

Sitoplasma: Sitoplasma adalah cairan gel yang mengisi ruang di antara organel dan memberikan lingkungan untuk reaksi biokimia yang terjadi dalam sel.

1. CellCell
© J Beauchemin 2006© J Beauchemin 2006

2. Cell OrganellesCell Organelles
OrganelleOrganelle= “little = “little
organ”organ”
Found only inside Found only inside
eukaryotic cellseukaryotic cells
All the stuff in All the stuff in
between the between the
organelles is organelles is cytosolcytosol
Everything in a cell Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is except the nucleus is
cytoplasmcytoplasm

3. Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Boundary of the cellBoundary of the cell
Made of a phosphoMade of a phospholipidlipid bibilayerlayer

4. NucleusNucleus
Control center of the Control center of the
cellcell
Contains Contains DNADNA
Surrounded by a Surrounded by a
double membranedouble membrane
Usually the easiest Usually the easiest
organelle to see under organelle to see under
a microscopea microscope
Usually one per cellUsually one per cell

5. CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Acts as Acts as skeletonskeleton and and
musclemuscle
Provides shape and Provides shape and
structurestructure
Helps move Helps move
organelles around the organelles around the
cellcell
Made of three types of Made of three types of
filamentsfilaments

6. Endoplasmic Endoplasmic
ReticulumReticulum
A.k.a. “ER”A.k.a. “ER”
Connected to nuclear Connected to nuclear
membranemembrane
Highway of the cellHighway of the cell
Rough ERRough ER: studded : studded
with ribosomes; it with ribosomes; it
makes proteinsmakes proteins
Smooth ERSmooth ER: no : no
ribosomes; it makes ribosomes; it makes
lipidslipids

7. RibosomeRibosome
Site of protein Site of protein
synthesissynthesis
Found attached to Found attached to
rough ER or floating rough ER or floating
free in cytosolfree in cytosol
Produced in a part of Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the the nucleus called the
nucleolusnucleolus
That looks familiar…what is a That looks familiar…what is a
polypeptidepolypeptide??

8. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Looks like a stack of Looks like a stack of
platesplates
Stores, modifies and Stores, modifies and
packages proteinspackages proteins
Molecules transported Molecules transported
to and from the Golgi to and from the Golgi
by means of by means of vesiclesvesicles

9. LysosomesLysosomes
Garbage disposal Garbage disposal
of the cellof the cell
Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymes that enzymes that
break down break down
wasteswastes
Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?

10. MitochondriaMitochondria
““Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the
cell”cell”
Cellular respirationCellular respiration
occurs here to release occurs here to release
energy for the cell to energy for the cell to
useuse
Bound by a double Bound by a double
membranemembrane
Has its own strand of Has its own strand of
DNADNA

11. ChloroplastChloroplast
Found only in plant Found only in plant
cellscells
Contains the green Contains the green
pigment pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll
Site of food (Site of food (glucoseglucose) )
productionproduction
Bound by a double Bound by a double
membranemembrane

12. Cell WallCell Wall
Found in Found in plantplant and and
bacterialbacterial cells cells
Rigid, protective Rigid, protective
barrierbarrier
Located Located outsideoutside of the of the
cell membranecell membrane
Made of cellulose Made of cellulose
((fiberfiber))

13. VacuolesVacuoles
Large Large centralcentral vacuole vacuole
usually in usually in plantplant cells cells
Many smaller Many smaller
vacuoles in vacuoles in animalanimal
cellscells
Storage container for Storage container for
water, food, water, food, enzymesenzymes, ,
wastes, pigments, etc.wastes, pigments, etc.
What type of microscope may have
been used to take this picture?

14. CentrioleCentriole
Aids in cell divisionAids in cell division
Usually found only in Usually found only in
animal cellsanimal cells
Made of microtubulesMade of microtubules
Where else have we talked
about microtubules?

15. Quick ReviewQuick Review
Which organelle is the control center of the cell? Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
NucleusNucleus
Which organelle holds the cell together?Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membraneCell membrane
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplastsCell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
Which organelle helps plant cells make food?Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
What does E.R. stand for?What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum