Cell_Structure_and_Functions_Chapter_Notes.pptx

Cell structure and function

1. Cell Structure & Functions Chapter Notes — Biology revision notes & practice questions

2. Learning Objectives Recall the cell theory and types of cells Identify major organelles and their functions Understand membrane transport processes Answer short practice questions

3. Cell Theory & Types Cell theory: all living organisms composed of cells Basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells Prokaryotes (no nucleus) vs Eukaryotes (nucleus, organelles)

4. Nucleus & Genetic Material Nucleus stores DNA; controls cell activities Chromatin = DNA + proteins; condenses to chromosomes Nucleolus is site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

5. Mitochondria & Energy Mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration Produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation Have their own DNA (maternal inheritance)

6. Endomembrane System Rough ER: protein synthesis (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and detoxification Golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, packages proteins

7. Chloroplasts (in plants) Site of photosynthesis (light reactions & Calvin cycle) Contain chlorophyll and thylakoid membranes Also have their own DNA

8. Cell Membrane & Transport Phospholipid bilayer with proteins Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis Active transport requires ATP (pumps), endocytosis/exocytosis

9. Practice Questions 1) Name organelles involved in protein secretion. 2) Explain how ATP is produced in mitochondria (brief). 3) Distinguish between passive and active transport.

10. Important Terms (Quick Revision) Organelle, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Lysosome Endocytosis, Exocytosis, ATP, Thylakoid

11. Summary & Study Tips Draw labelled diagrams — they help memorization Use flashcards for organelle functions Practice past-paper short-answer questions