Cellular Metabolism

Cellular metabolism

1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism
•Cellular Metabolism
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2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
•Energy for synthesis and movement
•Energy transformation
•Enzymes and how they speed reactions
•Metabolic pathways
•ATP its formation and uses in metabolism
•Synthesis of biologically important molecules
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3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Energy does work
•Kinetic energy
•Potential energy
•Energy conversion
Energy (E) Transfer Overview
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4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy (E) Transfer Overview
Figure 4-1: Energy transfer in the environment
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5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Energy transfer
•Activation energy
•Endergonic
•Exergonic
•Net free energy
Energy and Chemical Reactions
Figure 4-3: Activation EnergyFor more info: visit us
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6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy and Chemical Reactions
Figure 4-5: Energy transfer and storage in biological reactions
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7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Lower activation E
•Specificity
•Activation
•Cofactors
•Modulators
•Acidity
•Temperature
•Competitive inhibitors
•Allosteric
•Concentrations
Enzymes speed biochemical reactions
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8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Enzymes speed biochemical reactions
Figure 4-8: Two models of enzyme binding sites
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9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Defined:
•Equlibrium
•Reversible
Law of Mass Action
Figure 4-17: Law of mass action For more info: visit us
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10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Oxidation–reduction
•Hydrolysis–dehydration
•Addition–subtraction exchange
•Ligation
Types of Enzymatic Reactions
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11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Pathways
•Intermediates
•Catabolic -
energy
•Anabolic -
synthesis
Cell Metabolism
Figure 4-18b: A group of metabolic pathways resembles a road map
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12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Feedback inhibition
•Enzyme modulators
•No enzyme
•Enzyme isolation
•Energy availability - ATP
Control of Metabolic Pathways
Figure 4-19: Feedback inhibitionFor more info: visit us
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13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Glycolysis
•Phosphorylation
•Pyruvate
•Anaerobic
respiration
•Lactate
production
•2 ATPs produced
ATP Production
Figure 4-21: Overview of aerobic pathways for ATP Production
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14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Aerobic respiration
•In mitochondria
•Acetyl CoA and CO
2
•Citric Acid Cycle
•Energy Produced
•1 ATP
•3 NADH
•1 FADH
•Waste–2 CO
2s
Pyruvate Metabolism
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15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pyruvate Metabolism
Figure 4-23: Pyruvate metabolism
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16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•High energy electrons
•Energy transfer
•ATP synthesized
from ADP
•H
2O is a byproduct
Electron Transport
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17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Electron Transport
Figure 4-25: The electron transport system and ATP synthesis
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18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Complex
Carbohydrates
•Glycogen
catabolism
•Liver storage
•Muscle storage
•Glucose produced
Biomolecules Catabolized to make ATP
Figure 4-26: Glycogen catabolism
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19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Deamination
•Conversion
•Glucose
•Acetyl CoA
Protein Catabolism
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20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protein Catabolism
Figure 4-27: Protein catabolism and deamination
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21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Higher energy content
•Tri glycerides to glycerol
•Glycerol
•Fatty acids
•Ketone bodies - liver
Lipid Catabolism
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22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipid Catabolism
Figure 4-8: Two models of enzyme binding sites
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23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Glycogen
synthesis
•Liver storage
•Glucose to
glycogen
•Gluconeogenesis
•Amino acids
•Glycerol
•Lactate
Synthetic (Anabolic) pathways
Figure 4-29: Gluconeogenesis
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24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Acetyl Co A
•Glycerol
•Fatty acids
•Triglycerides
Lipogenesis
Figure 4-30: Lipid synthesis
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25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipogenesis
Figure 4-30: Lipid synthesisFor more info: visit us
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26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•20 Amino acids
•DNA code sequence
•mRNA transcription
processing
•Translation by
ribosomes
•Chain (polymer) of
amino a
Protein Synthesis
Figure 4-34: Summary of transcription and translation
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27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protein Synthesis
Figure 4-34: Summary of transcription and translation
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28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Folding, cleavage, additions: glyco- lipo- proteins
Post – Translational protein modificaiton
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29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Post – Translational protein modificaiton
Figure 4-35: Post-translational modification and the secretory pathway
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30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Energy: chemical, transport, mechanical work
•Reactions: reactants, activation energy,
directions
•Enzymes: characteristics, speed & control
pathways
•Metabolism: catabolic, anabolic
•ATP production: anaerobic, aerobic, glycolysis,
• citric acid cycle, & electron transport
•Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Summary
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