Cellulose and it's properties

A small description of cellulose it's structure and properties.

1. Cellulose Md. Sajjad Hossain Tuhin Student ID: 100510 4 th year, 1 st term Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline Khulna University 100510 24 Dec 2014 1

2. Cellulose Structure of Cellulose Cellulose formation in woody plants Properties of Cellulose (Physical and Chemical) Use 100510 Presentation outline 24 Dec 2014 2

3. Cellulose It is the most abundant naturally occurring organic substance Representing about1.5×10 12 tons annual biomass production First described in 1838 by French chemist “ Anselm Payen ” It occurs in almost pure form in cotton fiber at around 98% . As a raw material, cellulose has been used about150 years First thermoplastic polymer material called “ Celluloid ” Manufactured by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870 100510 24 Dec 2014 3

4. 100510 Tollens in 1895 and Nastukoff in 1900 recognized that cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose by x-ray pattern analysis . In 1920 it is discovered that celluloses in delignified wood pulp, flax, ramie, and cotton. The Chinese discovered the usefulness of cellulose and developed a process in A.D. 100 that gave them that most wonderful of inventions... paper. C reate other products such as rayon and the transparent film called cellophane. In Vascular plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs ) ( Hexameric protein structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter ). 24 Dec 2014 4

5. 100510 Pyranose Pyranose is any cyclic isomer that has a five carbons and one oxygen in a ring of six atoms Furanose Any cyclic isomer that has a f our carbons and one oxygen in a ring of five atoms Cellobiose Cellobiose consists of two glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond Some definitions Pyranose Furanose 24 Dec 2014 5

6. Structure of cellulose It is a H omopolymer of Glucose It is a Carbohydrate composed of Carbon(49.39%) , Oxygen ( 44.4%) and Hydrogen (6.17%). The molecular formula is (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n Unbranched chained polymer of glucose Cellulose M icrofibrils in plants appear to be 4–10 nm wide under the electron microscope ( Emons 1988, McCann et al 1990 ) 100510 24 Dec 2014 6

7. 100510 Glucose It is a simple Aldohexosic Monosaccharide. It is a hexose ( 6 carbon) also aldose( --COH radical present in the terminal Carbon) The molecular formula of Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6 A sugar with a pyranosic structure An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl functional (- CHO) group . An Ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl functional (- CO-) group . Aldehyde Ketone R= Chain of Aliphatic or Aromatic hydrocarbon 24 Dec 2014 7

8. 100510 Student ID: 100510 1 2 3 C 6 H 12 O 6 ( Glucose ) 1 2 3 D Glucose L Glucose β D Glucose α D Glucose 24 Dec 2014 8

9. 100510 Pyranosic Structure of Glucose 24 Dec 2014 9

10. 100510 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 6 5 5 H 2 O O H 2 O O O O 1,4 D Glycopyranosic bond Formation of Cellulose from Glucose B,1-4, D- A nhydroglucopyranose units linked by (1,4)- glycosidic bonds Cellulose synthase enzyme 24 Dec 2014 10

11. 100510 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Intra H bond Inter H bond Intra and inter Hydrogen bonding Intra: Within a cellulose chain Inter: Between two cellulose chain 24 Dec 2014 11

12. 100510 Crystalline and Amorphous region Crystalline region: Intra and Inter molecular bonding is so strong Do not absorb much moisture Amorphous region: Bonding is week Absorb too much moisture 24 Dec 2014 12

13. 100510 Cellulose formation in woody plants 6H 2 0 + 6CO 2 ___________________ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Sunlight Chlorophyll 24 Dec 2014 13

14. 100510 Physical Properties Cellulose is non toxic , biodegradable solid homo-biopolymer . At pure state white in color. Molecular mass is around 1.44 × 10 6 to 1.8 × 10 6 g Density of 1.52–1.54 g/cm 3 (at 20°C) High tensile and compressive strength Cross bonding gives the maximum strength 24 Dec 2014 14

15. 24 Dec 2014 100510 15 Cellulose is very much stable in thermal conduction Cellulose shows thermal softening at 231-253°C Not a thermoplastic polymer Thermal Properties

16. 100510 24 Dec 2014 16 Electrical Properties Cellulose shows very low conductivity and high resistivity of electricity Pure cellulose shows maximum resistivity and water content decreases resistivity Relative humidity also affect the electrical resistivity

17. 100510 24 Dec 2014 17 Chemical Properties DP is 8000-10000 Isolable is water but uptake water around 8-14% at 60% relative humidity and 20ᵒC Soluble in organic chemicals Give anhydrous reaction with concentrated acids Reacts with Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, amides, halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrazine etc. Reacts with strong base. Reacting order is, For cations the order of reactivity For anions the order is,

18. 24 Dec 2014 100510 18 Some swelling agents of cellulose

19. 24 Dec 2014 100510 19 Reaction with water Cellulose soak water very slowly. It uptake 8-14% moisture Water is attached with strong hydrogen bonding. Relative humidity and temperature is important. Crystalline cellulose uptake less water than amorphous

20. 24 Dec 2014 100510 20 Reaction with strong base Reacts with strong base quickly. According to the reactivity with base it can be separated into three types: ( i) α cellulose, (ii) β cellulose, ( iiii ) γ cellulose In 17.5% NaOH solution Insoluble: α cellulose Soluble but precipitated in neutral solution: β cellulose Very much soluble : γ cellulose

21. 24 Dec 2014 100510 21 Cellulose Extraction from wood

22. 24 Dec 2014 100510 22 Cellulose Extraction from wood cont …

23. 100510 Use of cellulose Cotton: composed of 87 -90% cellulose with the cotton fibers containing polymer chains Pharmaceuticals : Medicines are derived from plants cellulose, cellulose acetate , etc. Cellophane: Can be obtained when a viscous cellulose reacts with acid (sulfuric acid) Bomb: Cellulose trinitrate is used as a propellant for bullets due the fact that nitrate –OH group can be explosive. Energy Drinks : Glucuronolacton , vitamins, and carbohydrates Industrial Sugar, biofuel production, using oil production, ester production 24 Dec 2014 23

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25. 100510 Beck- Candanedo , S., Roman, M., & Gray, D. G. (2005). Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromolecules , Vol.6, No.2, pp. 1048-1054. Boruvkova , K, and Wiener, J 2011, Water Absorption in Carboxymethyl Cellulose , AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 11, No4, December 2011 Duran, N., Lemes , A. P., Duran, M., Freer, J., & Baeza , J. (2011). A Mini review of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Its Potential Integration as Co-Product in Bioethanol Production. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, Vol.56, No.2, pp. 672-677 Emons AMC. 1988. Methods for visualizing cell wall texture. Acta Bot. Neerl . 37:31–38 . OSullivan , A. C. (1997). Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels . Cellulose, Vol.4, No.3, pp. 173-207 . http:// dx.doi.org/10.5772/46512 http :// en.wikipedia.org http :// www.ethanolrfa.org http :// www.scienceclarified.com/Ca-Ch/Cellulose.html References 24 Dec 2014 25

26. Question????? 100510 24 Dec 2014 26

27. Thank You 100510 24 Dec 2014 27