Cerebral palsy introduction pathogenesis treatment and management

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1. CEREBRAL PALSY(CP) DR.RITESH KUMAR SINGH MS,ORTHOPAEDIC LECTURER

2.   Introduction Causes and Risk Factors Types of Cerebral Palsy Symptoms and Signs Diagnosis Treatment and Management Daily Living and Support Recent Research and Advancements Conclusion

3. Introduction What is Cerebral Palsy? Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture. It results from damage to the immature brain, most often before birth.

4. Causes and Risk Factors Prenatal Factors : Brain malformations : Abnormal development of the brain. Maternal infections : Infections during pregnancy like rubella or cytomegalovirus. Genetic Factors : Certain genetic mutations can affect brain development.

5. Perinatal Factors: Complications during birth : Oxygen deprivation (asphyxia) during birth. Premature birth : Babies born before 37 weeks are at higher risk. Postnatal Factors: Infections (e.g., meningitis or encephalitis. ) Traumatic brain injuries

6. Types of Cerebral Palsy Spastic CP: Characterized by stiff muscles tone(hypertonia) and awkward movements Most common type Dyskinetic(athetoid) CP: Involuntary movements, including dystonia (twisting movements) and chorea (irregular movements).

7. Ataxic CP: Poor coordination ,balance and depth perception Mixed CP: Symptoms of more than one type of CP

8. Symptoms and Signs Motor Symptoms: Delayed motor skills development: Delayed milestones like sitting, crawling, or walking. Abnormal muscle tone: Either too stiff (hypertonia) or too floppy (hypotonia).

9. Associated Conditions: Seizures : Common in children with CP. Intellectual disabilities :Varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Vision and hearing impairments :Problems with sight and hearing. Speech and Language Disorders : Difficulty with speech and communication.

10. Diagnosis Early Signs: Developmental Delays : Not meeting developmental milestones Abnormal muscle tone : Muscle stiffness or floppiness. Feeding or Swallowing Difficulties: Problems with sucking or swallowing.

11. Diagnostic Tests: Brain imaging (MRI, CT scan) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : Detailed images of the brain's struct ure. CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Cross-sectional images to detect brain abnormalities. Neurological exams : Assessing motor skills, muscle tone, and posture. Developmental Screening : Evaluating motor and developmental milestones

12. Treatment and Management Therapies: Physical therapy: Improves strength, balance, and movement. Occupational therapy : Enhances daily living skills and independence. Speech therapy : Improves communication and swallowing abilities.

13. Medications: Muscle relaxants : Such as baclofen or diazepam to reduce spasticity. Anticonvulsants : To control seizures. Surgical Interventions: Orthopedic surgeries : To correct deformities and improve function. Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR): Reduces spasticity by cutting nerve fibers.

14. Daily Living and Support Adaptive Equipment: Wheelchairs and Walkers: For mobility support. Communication Devices: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices.

15. Support Networks: Family and Caregiver Support: Training and support for families and caregivers. Sp ecial Education Services: Individualized education plans (IEPs) for school support. Community Resources: Access to social services and support groups.

16. Recent Research and Advancements : Stem Cell Research : Potential Exploring the possibility of repairing brain damage using stem cells. Challenges: Ethical considerations and the need for further research. Technological Innovations: Robotics: Robotic-assisted therapy to improve motor skills. Artificial Intelligence: AI tools for personalized therapy and support.

17. Conclusion: Summary: Cerebral palsy is a complex, lifelong condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to care and management.

18. REFERENCES Rockwood and Wilkins Apley’s J. Maheshwari Grants atlas CDC - Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy Foundation