CET IX.pptx

second yr bsc nursing

1. CET INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION(IEC)

2.   Information education is a term commonly used and referred to by health professionals. The purpose of information education in communication is to improve peoples health by increasing awareness and knowledge and changing attitude and behavior . Introduction:

3. “Information education and communication is an important tool in health promotion for creating supportive environments and strengthening community action ,in addition to playing an important role in changing behavior.” DEFINITION:

4. Encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting life style and practices . Promote the proper use of health service provide new knowledge ,improve skills and change attitudes Stimulate individual and community AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

5. Definition by John M.Last , health education as the presses by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to promotion, maintenance or restoration of health . Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes . Process of providing information and advice related to healthy lifestyle and encouraging the development of knowledge, attitudes and skills aimed at behaviour change of individuals or communities.Enables and influences controll over own´s health leading to optimalization of attitudes and habits related to lifestyle and increasing quality of life.( WHO ) Health education

6. The declaration of alma ata (1978) emphasized the need for individual and community participation and gave a new meaning and direction to the practice of health education . Def : A process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy to know how to stay healthy , to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed. ALMAATA DECLARATION

7. Information : information that is relevant, interesting, simple and understandable. Patient : the individual, family, group, people; what they think, feel, do, their value system, readiness to learn and bring in desired changes in their life style and environment. Social environment: social culture and economic supports, barriers which may promote or inhibit behavior changes for health promotion. IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF DEFINITION

8. • Health education content: the content about health and disease, favorable and non favorable life style, environment, proper use of recourses and health care facilities, etc. • Communication methods: means for dissemination of and receiving information that can help in understanding, motivating and bringing in desired changes of healthy leaving.

9. The definition adopted by WHO in 1969 and the Alma Ata declaration adopted in 1978 provide a useful basis for formulating the aims and objectives of health education. To help the people understand that health is the most valuable community asset , and to help them achieve optimum health by their own activities and efforts. To develop a sense of responsibility for improving their health as individual members of families and communities. Aims of health education:

10.  To develop scientific knowledge, attitude, skills on health matters to enable people to develop correct habits.  To educate people for proper use of health services in whatever forms it is made available to them by the government.  To alter behavior that may have directly or indirectly influenced the occurrence or spread of diseases in a given setting, a culturally relevant health education program can be planned only after understanding the behavior in all its manifestations.

11. Promoting the greater possible fulfilment of inherited powers of the body and the mind and happy adjustment of an individual in the society. To provide a person with appropriate knowledge to enjoy decent health and also knowledge about the occurrence and spread of disease thus enabling him to adopt relevant preventive measures. To create in him an interest in his own health and well-being. To create in him an interest for the health of other members of his family as well those living in his surroundings. To create in him a desire to support health education programmes in his area.

12. To inform people or disseminate scientific knowledge about prevention of disease and promotion of health. To motivate people to change their habits and lifestyle that are harmful to their health and also motivate people to adopt habits and ways of living conducive to healthy living. To guide the people who need help to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyle by showing proper community resources. OBJECTIVE OF HEALTH EDUCATION:

13. Credibility: It is the degree to which the message to be communicated is perceived as trustworthy by the receiver. It must be consistent and compatible with scientific knowledge. Interest: People are unlikely to listen to those things which are not to their interest. Health educators must find out the real health needs i.e. ‘felt needs’ of the people. Very often there are groups who may have health needs of which they are not aware. PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION :

14. Participation: Participation is key word in health education. It should aim at encouraging people to work actively with health workers and in identifying their own health problems and also in developing solutions and plans to work them out. It provides maximum feedback. Motivation: Awakening the desire to learn is termed as motivation. In health education people are motivated to accept new thoughts, habits and activities. In the language people understand

15. Comprehension: In health education we must know the level of education and literacy of people. We should always communicate. Teaching should be within the mental capacity of the audience. Reinforcement: Most people do not accept new facts in one attempt. Hence repetition is necessary for effective health education. Setting Examples: The health educator should set a example in the things he is teaching.

16. Good Human Relations: Sharing information happens most easily between people who have a good relationship. Learning by doing: A person can learn better by doing things in place of hearing or seeing. Hence it is necessary to pay more attention to active learning in health education. Known to unknown: Health education should be provided from known to unknown and simple to complex. The intelligence of a person should be fully exploited to motivate him towards accepting new facts .   Regular feedback Efficient leadership SOIL, SEED, SOWER  Soil is the community  Seed is information  Sower is the person giving the information

17. HUMAN BIOLOGY NUTRITION HYGIENE FAMILY HEALTH CARE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE AND NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS USE OF HEALTH SERVICES CONTENTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION

18. Approach to Health Education 4 well known approaches to health education: Regulatory approach Service approach Health education approach Primary health care approach Approach to Health Education

19. It is either directly or indirectly by governmental intervention designed to alter the human behavior. For Example : The child marriage restraint in India. Compulsory wearing of seat belt and helmet. No govt. can pass legislation to eat a balanced diet or not to smoke. The congress defeat in 1977 elections is due to enforcement of sterilization campaign in 1976 . Regulatory approach

20. This approach was tried by Basic Health Services in 1960’s. It aimed at providing all the health services needed by the people at their door steps but this approach proved a failure because it was not based on felt-needs of the people. Eg . When water seal latrines were provided by government, free of cost, many people in rural areas did not make use of them. Service approach

21. People must be educated through planned learning experiences what to do and to be informed, educated and encouraged to make their own choice for healthy life. Problems like cessation of smoking, use of safe water supply, fertility control can be solved by health education. Health education should be started among children and young population . Health Education Approach

22. This is a new approach started from the people with their full participation and active involvement in the planning and delivery of health services. Eg . Community involvement and intersectoral coordination. Primary Health Care Approach

23. 1 ) Medical Model: Mostly this model is concerned with disease or illness. This model is primarily interested in the recognition and treatment of disease and technological advances to facilitate the process . MODELS OF HEALTH EDUCAITON

24. It is a process consisting of several stages through which an individual is likely to pass before adoption. These are awareness, motivation action. Motivation includes the stages of interest, evaluation and decision making. Now the last stage of motivation model is the action i.e. whether if idea is acceptable or not. Awareness Motivation Interest Evaluation Decision-making Action Adoption or acceptance 2) Motivation Model:

25. The traditional motivation approach is insufficient to achieve behavioral change hence it is the social environment which needs to be changed. Example : reducing smoking, adoption of small family norm, raising the age of marriage, elimination of dowry , etc . It is often found that people will not readily accept and try something new or novel until it has been approved by the group to which they belong. Most of us prefer to do only the things commonly done by our group . Example : adoption of new idea like vasectomy or loop insertion is facilitated if there is a group support. 3) Social Intervention Model :

26. Audiovisual Aids : No health education can be effective without audiovisual aids. They help to simplify the unfamiliar concepts . Auditory Aids – radio, tape recorder, microphone, amplifiers, earphone Visual Aids – Chalk board, leaflet, posters, charts etc Slides, film strips Combined AV Aids – TV, Sound films, Slide-tape combination PRACTICE OF HEALTH EDUCATION

27. Individual Approach 1 . Personal contact 2 . Home visits 3 . Personal letter Group Approach 1 . Lecture 2 . Demonstration - Group - Pannel - Symposium - Conferences - Seminar – Workshops Role play Mass Approach 1 . Television 2 . Radio 3 . Newspaper 4 . Printer material 5 . Direct mailing 6 . Posters 7 . Exhibitions 8 . Folk method 9 . Internet METHODS IN HEALTH COMMUNICATION

28. 1) Individual Approach : The health education must first create an atmosphere of friendship and allow the individual to talk as much as possible. In this individual teaching we can discuss, argue and persuade the individual to change his behaviour . But by this we can reach to a small population and who come in contact with us. METHODS IN HEALTH COMMUNICATION

29. Group teaching is an effective way of educating the community. a ) Chalk & Talk (Lecture) : A lecture may be defined as carefully prepared oral presentation of facts organized thoughts and ideas by a qualified person. The group should not be more than 30 and talk should not exceed 15-20 minutes . By using suitable audiovisual aids . 2) Group Approach :

30. A demonstration is a carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill. This procedure is carried out step by step before an audience. b) Demonstration :

31. c) Discussion method Group Discussion : For effective group discussion the group should comprise not less than 6 and not more than 12 members. There should be a group leader who initiate the subject and encourage everyone to participate and sum up the discussion in the end. There must be a recorder who prepares a report on the issues discussed. The group members should follow some rules : § Express the ideas clearly. § Listen to what others say. § Do not interrupt when others are speaking. § Make only relevant remarks. § Accept criticism gracefully. § Help to reach conclusion. Sociogram Good discussion Not a very Good discussion

32. d) Panel Discussion : In a panel discussion 4-8 qualified persons talk about the topic. Sit and discuss a given topic in front of a large group/audience. The chairman opens the meeting. Panel comprises of a chair person and 4-8 speakers. After the main aspect of the subject are explored, the audience is invited to take part .

33. e) Symposium : It is a series of speeches on a selected subject. Each expert person present it briefly and at the end of session the chair person make a comprehensive summary. Audience are allowed to raise question Workshop : It consists of series of meetings usually 4 or more with emphasis on an individual work, within the group and with the help of consultants and response personnel.

34. g) Role Playing : This is a brief acting out of an actual situation for the benefit of the audience for better understanding. h ) Conference and Seminar : This programmes are usually held on a regional, state/national level. Where several experts from different disciplines meet to deliberate on a particular theme, to appraise others of latest knowledge and research in a particular field.

35. Mass media are a “ oneway”communication . They are helpful in transmitting messages to people even in the remote places by TV, Radio, Internet, Newspaper, Printed material. Direct mailing, poster, health museum exhibition and folk media. MASS APPROACH

36. Primordial prevention Promote health by reinforcing healthy practices Primary prevention Prevent ill-health, maintain the highest level of health & improve the quality of life Secondary prevention Understand health behavior underlying the ailments and means of behavioral changes to prevent further deterioration of health or restoration of health Tertiary prevention Make the most of the remaining potential for healthy living. HEALTH EDUCATION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PREVENTION LEVEL

37. Geographical layout . Accessibility Language Illiteracy & literacy rate Cost Availability of resources Culture Health Facilities Health Facilitators Attitudes both clients and educators Methods , message/material Educators or officials who carry out the task The tools use for demonstration Problems In Health Education.

38. Health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) refer to general activities that improve self- realisation and a sense of well-being, that include acts that assist persons in maintaining and promoting healthy lifestyles Health-promoting behaviours (HPBs)

39. HPBs are categorized in six dimensions based on Pender’s health promotion model as follows: Physical Activity, Nutrition, Stress Management, Health Responsibility, Interpersonal Relations And Spiritual Growth Preventives Of Non-communicable Diseases ( NCDs) Key Determinants Of Maintaining And Improving The Health Status

40. CULTURE Sum of beliefs and values shaping the behaviour of a community RESOURCES • Availability • Accessibility • Affordability • Acceptability HUMAN BEHAVIOR THOUGHTS & FEELINGS • Knowledge • Beliefs • Attitudes • Values INFLUENCE OF OTHER PEOPLE • Leaders • Elders • Friends FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN BEHAVIOR