CFL

CFL PROJECT

1. SUMMARY
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called as compact fluorescent light, energy
saving light and compact fluorescent tube . It is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace
an incandescent lamp, some types fit into logging fixtures formerly used for
incandescent lamp. The lamp use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space
of an incandescent bulb and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible
light, CFL uses one - fifth to one third the electric power, and last for eight to fifteen
times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price in electricity costs over the lamps
lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps CFL contains mercury which complicates their
disposal in many countries, government have established recycling schemes for CFLs
and glass generally.

CFLs radiats a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent
lamps, improved phosphorus for emulation have improved the perceived color of the
light emitted by CFLs are subjectively similar in color to standard incaincandescent
lamps.

CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas standard
incandescent lamps have a service life of 750 or 1000 hours. However the actual
lifetime of lamps depends on many factors including operating voltage manufacturing
defects exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off
lamp orientation and ambient operating temperature among other factors.

2. INTRODUCTION
The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 1890s by PETER
COOPE HEWIT. The Cooper Hewit lamps were used for photographic studio and
industries.

They are two type of CFLs : INTEGRATED and NONINTEGRATED LAMPS

INTEGRATED LAMPS : Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single
unit. These lamp allows consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs.
Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures reducing the
cost of converting to fluorescent.

NON-INTEGRATED LAMPS :Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently
installed in the luminare and only the lamp bulb is usually changed at its end of life.
Since the ballast are placed in the light fixture they are large and lasts longer
compared to the integrated once, and they don't need to be replaced when the bulb
reaches its end of life . Non-integrated CFL housings can be more expensive and
sophisticated. They have two types of tubes, a bi-pin tube designed for conventional
ballast and a quater-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional
ballast with an external starter which activities the need for external heating pin but
causes incompatible with electronic ballast.

CFLs have two main component a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube
(called bulbor burner). Replacement of magnetic ballast with electronic ballast has
removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally with fluorescent
lighting that allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchargeable with
more sizes of incandescent bulbs. CFLs are produced for both alternating current (AC)
and direct current (DC) input. DC CFLs are popular to use in recreational vehicles
and off the grid housing. There are various agency initiative in developing countries
to replace kerosene lamp which as associated health and safety hazard with CFL
powered by battery, solar panels or wind generators

CFLs in solar powered street light uses solar panel mounted on the poles. Due to
potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution various orgianization have
encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Effort range from
publicity to encourage awarness , to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. Some
electric utilities and local government has subsidized CFLs or provide them for free to
coustomer as a mean off reducing electric demand. CFLs are generally not for
outdoor and some will not start in cold weather when switched on.

As of 2009 CFLs turn on in a second, but many still take time to achieve full
brightness. The light color may be slightly different immediately after being turned on.
Some CFLs ate manufactured as instant on and have no noticeable warmup period but

3. other can take up a minutes to reach full brightness or longer in very cold temperature.
Some that uses a mercury take up to three minutes to reach full output. Thus the
shorter period may make CFLs less suitable for applications such as motion activated
light, hybrid lamps, combining a halogen lamp with a CFL are available when
warmup time is unacceptable. The halogen lamp lights immediately and is switched
off once the CFL has reached full brightness.

4. PROJECT DETAILS & PRODUCT CONCEPT

Spectrum Of Light
A photographs of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature difference.
From left to right : Compact Fluorescent : General Electric,
13W,6,500K;Incandescent Sylvania, 14W ,3,1000K.
CFLs emits light from a mix of phosphors inside the bulb,each emitting one band of
color. Modern phosphors designs balance the emitted light color.,energy efficiency
and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix proves color rendering but
decrease efficiency and increase cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four
phosphor to achive a "white light " with a color rendering index (CRI) of about
80,where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of a color under daylight or a
black-body (depending on the correlated color temperature).

Color temperature can be indicated in kelvin or miredy (1 million divided by the color
temperature in kelvin). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a
black body that has a same chromaticity (i.e) of the light source. A notional
temperature, the correlated color temperature of a black body which emits light of a
hue which to human color perception most closely matches from the light from the
lamp is assigned
A true color temperature is characteristics of a black body radiation ; a floucrant lamp
may approximate the radiation of a black body of a given temperature but will not
have identical spectrum. In particular,narrow band of whiter wavelength radiation are
usually present even for lamps of low color temperature ("warm light ").
As color temperature increase the shading of the white light changes from red to
yellow to white to blue, Color means used for modern CFLs and other tri-phospher
lamps vary between manus, unlike the standardized name with older halophosphate
flu lamps. Foreg Sylvania,s day light CFLs have a core temperature of 3,500k, while

5. most other lamp called daylight have core temperature of atleast 5,000k.












Life Span
CFLs typically have a rated
service life of 6,000 to
15,000 hours whereas standard incandescent lamps have service life of 750 to 1,000
hours. However the actual lifetime of lamps depends on many factors including
operating voltage manufacturing defects exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical
shock, frequency of cycling on and off lamp orientation and ambient operating
temperature among other factors .
The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the
city 5 minutes on/off cycle the life span of some CFLs may be reduced to that of
incandescent light bulb. CFLs can be expected to produce 70-80% of their original
light output.

Energy Efficiency
Because the eyes sensitively changes with the wavelength, the output of the light
commonly measured in linens, a measure of the power of light as perceiver human
eyes. The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumen produced watt of
electrical power used. The luminous efficiency of a typical CFL is 50-70 per watt
(1m/w) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 10-17(1m/w) ,these lamps have
lighting efficient of 7-10% for CFLs and 1•5-2•5%for incandescent
Because of their efficiency, CFLs uses between one-seventh and one-third of the
power equivalent to incandescent lamps. 50-70% of the world today lighting market
scale were incandescent in 2010. Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs.,it
would save 40 greta watt hours (TWh) per year, 2•5% of the world electricity
consumption. In US it is estimated that replacing all the incandescent would save
80(TWh) yearly. Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamp (ILS) ,a
phase - out of ILS would result in less carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted in to the
atmosphere. Exchanging ILS for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve
anyway CO2 reduction of 230 Mt (million tons) more than the combined yearly CO2
N A M E COLOR TEMPERATURE

(K)
(Mired)
Warm Light
3000

333
Bright Light
3500

286
Core Light
4000

250
D a y Light
5000

200

6. from Netherlands and Portugal
If the building is indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs then the heat
produced due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climate or in office or in
industrial buildings ,where air condition are often required, CFLs reduce the load on
the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in
savings of electricity in addition to the energy efficiency saving of the lamps
themselves. However in cooler climate in which building ,require heating the heating
system needs to be replace the reduced heat from the lighting fixtures. In Winnipeg
Canada it was estimated that CFL would only generate 17 percent savings in
incandescent bulbs,as opposed to the 75 percent saving that could have been expected
with out space heating considering.

COST
While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3-10 times greater than that of an
equivalent incandescent lamp,a CFL last 8-15 times longer and uses two-three quarter
less energy. Indian article stated "A household that invested Rs 15,000 over changing
30 fixtures to CFLs would save Rs 26,972 to Rs 91953 over five-seven year
depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and it is 12 percent
discount to estimated saving.

Recycling
Health and environmental concern about mercury have promoted many jurisdictions
to spent lamps to be properly disposed off or recycle, rather being included in the
waste stream send to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulb in a safe place
unbroken until they can be processed.
The first step of processing involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that have
negative pressure ventilation and a mercury absorbing filter or it is turned in to
mercury vapors. Many municipality are purchasing such machines. The crushed glass
and metal are stored in drum ready for shipping or recycling in factories.

Green House Gases
In some place, such as Quebec and British Columbia central heating for home are
provided by the burning of natural gas., whereas electricity is primarily provided by
hydro electric or nuclear power. In such area, heat generated by conventional light
bulbs significantly reduced the release of green house gas from the natural source.
Ivanco, Karney and Waher estimated that "if all nones in Quebec were required too
switch from incandescent bulb to CFLs their would be an increase in an airnoise of
220,000 tonnes in CO2 emissions from more than 40,000 automobile "such
calculations are based on the implementation assumption that changes in power
consumption equally effect the electricity, gas in different types of power stations .
The electricity generation mix is assumed to be unchanged. In this case of

7. hydroelectric and nuclear power stations,which is moved to produce as much electric
energy as possible independent of contamination changes in power consumption may
in reality affect the import/export volume and the amount of power generation in
other region where fossil power plants are used.
PROMOTERS
M/s Phillips Electronic India Pvt. Ltd
Motorola Excellence Centre
5th floor, 415/2. Mehauri Gurgaon
Road, sector - 14. Gurgaon 12201
Phone No : 0214 4091 900
Fax No : 0124 4091 933


Royal Phillips
Royal Phillips of the Netherland is a diversified Health and Well-being company,
focused on improving peoples lives through timely innovations . As a world leader in
health care, lifestyle and lighting. Phillips integrates technology and design into
people centric solution, based on fundamental customers insights and a brand promise
of sense and simplicity
Headquartered in the Netherland, phillips employees over 122,000 employees with
sales and services in more than 100 countries world wide. With scales of EUR 22.6
billion in 2011 the company is a market leader in cardiac care, acute care and home
health care, energy efficient lighting solution and new lighting application as well as
lifestyle products for personal well-being and pleasure with strong leadership position
in male shaving and grooming portable entertainment and oral health care.
Phillips India Limited Phillips India Limited, a subsidiary of the Netherland based
Royal Phillips is the leading health and well-being company. Today, Phillips is simple
and more focused company with global leadership positions in key market of
Healthcare, lighting and consumer lifestyle, addressing peoples. Health and wellbeing
needs and aspirations as its over arching theme .As one of the nations most well
known and well loved brand, Phillips is practically a part of every Indians life. With
resent launch of Phillips Respironics products categories in instructive sleep apnes
management and home respiratory care, home decorative lighting range and ALU
rang, Phillips find use in virtually every aspects of an daily life 24×7 at work, at home,
on the move and rest. Phillips stand as source of easy to use, trendy and innovative

8. internationally acclaimed product with superior design and technology that enhance
the quality of consumers professional and personal lives Phillips has been operating in
India over 75 years and employing over 4,500 employees around the country. The
company as an excellent pan India distribution and after sales service network.
HAVELLS
M/s Havells India Ltd
E-1 Sector 59 , Nodia 201307
UP INDIA.
Phone No: 0120 2477777
Fax No: 0120 2477666


Havells India Ltd is a billion dollars plus electrical equipment company found in 1958
with product ranging from industrial & domestic circuit protection switch gear, cables
wire, motor ,fan, power capacitor, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) , luminaries for
domestic commercial & industrial application, modular switch covering household,
commercial & industrial electrical need, water heater and domestic application
Havells own global brands like Crabtree, Sylvania, Concord luminance and has 94
branches and representative offices with 8000 professional in over 50 countries. As of
2013, it has 12 manufacturing plants in India located in Haridwar, Baddi, Nodia,
Faridabad, Ahwar, Neemranal and 6 manufacturing plants are located across Europe,
Latin, America & Africa and with more than 20,000 distribution network
Havells India Limited
Type - Public Company
Industry - Electrical equipment
Founded - 1958
Founder(s) - Qimat Rai Gupta
Headquater - Nodia, India
Key people - Qimat Rai Gupta (founder)
Rajesh Rai Gupta (chairman)
Products - Electronic products
Revenue - INR 58.62 billion (US$ 930 million)
Employees - 8,000

9. Division - Lighting Sector, Power Distribution sector



MANUFACTURING PROCESS & TECHNIQUE
Early lamps were laboriously assembled by hand. After automatic machinery was
developed the cost of lamps fell.
In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of
glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely
aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are
created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a
typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour.
[64]
The filament and its
supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out
of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then
inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested.

10. PLANT & MACHINERY REQUIRED
Cement Mixer

Leveraging on our immeasurable industry experience, we engaged in offering quality
range of CFL light. High grade raw material is used in manufacturing process of the
products which ensure superior quality and excellent performance. These are
available in different wattage as per the demand of the client in market-lrading prices.
Owing in these factories we have gained the position of a paramount manufacture and
trade in India
CFL Basing Machine

We offer high quality CFL Basing Machine. Being a client centric organization; we
made sure that the products offered by us comply with predefined industrial standard.

11. More over we can offer our machine in vertical technical specification to suit the
diversified needs of clients. The technical expertise of our highly qualified
engineering help us to incorporate the best engineerings standards in the offered range
of products
CFL Fitting

Our client can ask us different types of CFL fittings. To keep place in growing market
competition, we manufacture CFL fitting in strict compliance with international
quality standards, our production techniques are constantly reviewed for scope of
improvement. Besides, we are blessed to have the support of adroit and assiduous
engineers ; who make sure our products ate excellent in each aspect.
Life Testing Rack for CFL Capsule

Rack is having 40 no of heads and easily changes over for different wattage. This rack
can be used for Exhaust head portion testing also
Sutiable for 5,7,9,11,13,15,18,20,23&26 watt CFL capsule (wire lamp)
Further, these tacks can also be designed as per demand and specification of the
clients

12. CFL Making machine

We are highly dedicated towards the demand of the client for CFL Making Machine.
These CFL Making Machine are made available by us in different specification to
meet the diverse requirements of the clients. Our CFL Making Machine are available
in different range and capacities and are widely used in manufacturing CFL lamps for
different specification
Different specification used in making CFL are
Diameter : 11mm, 16mm, 26mm and 38mm
Wattage : 20watts, 40watts, 65watts and 80watts
Color : Warm white, White, Cool day light and other color

LOCATION & INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED

13. Royal Phillips of the Netherland is a diversified Health and Well-being company,
focused on improving peoples lives through timely innovations . As a world leader in
health care, lifestyle and lighting. Phillips integrates technology and design into
people centric solution, based on fundamental customers insights and a brand promise
of sense and simplicity Headquartered in the Netherland, phillips employees over
122,000 employees with sales and services in more than 100 countries world wide.
With scales of EUR 22.6 billion in 2011 the company is a market leader in cardiac
care, acute care and home health care, energy efficient lighting solution and new
lighting application as well as lifestyle products for personal well-being and pleasure
with strong leadership position in male shaving and grooming portable entertainment
and oral health care.
Phillips India Limited
Phillips India Limited, a subsidiary of the Netherland based Royal Phillips is the
leading health and well-being company. Today, Phillips is simple and more focused
company with global leadership positions in key market of Healthcare, lighting and
consumer lifestyle, addressing peoples. Health and wellbeing needs and aspirations as
its over arching theme As one of the nations most well known and well loved brand,
Phillips is practically a part of every Indians life. With resent launch of Phillips
Respironics products categories in instructive sleep apnes management and home
respiratory care, home decorative lighting range and ALU rang, Phillips find use in
virtually every aspects of an individuals daily life 24×7 at work, at home, on the move
and rest. Phillips stand as source of easy to use, trendy and innovative internationally
acclaimed product with superior design and technology that enhance the quality of
consumers professional and personal lives Phillips has been operating in India over 75
years and employing over 4,500 employees around the country. The company as an
excellent pan India distribution and after sales service network .

MAN POWER

14. By promotion environments and systems that enable employees to further
demonstrate their abilitys, Phillips is developing a greater number of professional
employees with the aim of rasing productivity for the entire company. As part of these
effort Phillips created a working group of employee of 10,000 and has been actively
encouraging their activities .In fiscal 2012, Phillips held education seminar for all
groups employees. These seminar provided a form for female employees to acquire
more of the skill they needed to realize their carrier ambition and practice more
effective communications by better understanding their own and other mind set it was
increased by 5 lack. Additional, phillips has been introduction female employees who
are active within the company on a section of its intranet entitled. Interviews with
Inspired Phillips Women to help female employees to gain insight into their career,
female workers were about 3 thousands.From here phillips will continue actively and
effectively take action aimed at building a corporate culture that fully supports job
satisfaction and carrier of women.
RAW MATERIAL

SR.
No.
MATERIAL QUANTITY
1 Capsule (Glass tube) 2000
2 PBT (Plastic Body) 1000
3 B22 Cap 2500
4 PCB 3000
5 Assembly Charges 5000
6 Spider & Dust Cap 500
7 Electro Mechanical Part Like-T-yoke, Bore, Plate,
Eyelets etc
150
8 Consumable 650

Working Capital Required

15. Working capital is a financial metric which represent operating liquidity available to a
business organization or other entity including government entity also with fixed
ascent such as plant and equipment working capital. Net working capital is calculated
as current assets minus current liabilities. It is a deprivation of working capital that is
commonly used in valuation techniques such as DCFs (Discounted Cash Flows). If
current ascent is less than current liabilities, an entity as a working capital deficiency
also called working deficit
WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS - CURRENT LIABILITIES
Calculation
Current assets and current liabilities include three account which ore of special
importance. These account represents the area of business where manager has the
most direct impact
 Account (receivable current assets)
 Inventor (current assets)
 Account Payable (current liabilities)

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

16. Guided by the criteria, management will use a combination of policies and technique
for the management of working capital. The policies aim at managing the current
assets (generally cash and cash equivalent, inventories and debtors) and the short
term financing, such that cash flows and returns are acceptable
Cash management : identify the cash balance which allows for the business to meet
day to day expensive, but reduce cash holding cost
Inventory management : identify the label of inventory which allows for uninterrupted
production but reduced the investment in raw materials
Debtors management : identify the appropriate credit policy that is credit term which
will attract customers, such that any impact on cash flows and the cash conversion
cycle will be offset by increased revenue
Short term financed identify the appropriate source of financing given the cash
conservation cycle ; the inventory is ideally financed by the credit granted by the
suppliers

MARKET SURVEY

17. Some 83•8 percent of survey response indicated their organization hires professional
CFLs, and of those 89•5 percent or 170 organization, have an annual budget of atleast
$5000 for professional CFLs. Of those 170 organization., we asked a series of
question of their use of professional CFLs in general, across all their meeting to learn
how professional CFLs ate chosen, what impact they have on the meeting when they
appear, and what they cost the organization
Professional CFL budgets between $5000 and $20,000 were most common reported
by 29•5 percent of respondents with more than $ 100,000 option with placing with
18•9 percent. The $5000 - $20,000 range is more heavily favored by charitable or
philanthropic organization (75 percent) and educational institution (83•3 percent) than
the other type of organization survived For organization with a narrow than national
focus, roughly half the budget fall in the $5,000 - 20,000 range (54•5 percent) but that
drops to about to a quarter with nationally and internationally focused organization
(21•7 and 25•0 percent respectively. Organization who measure, through assessment
or evaluation, whether learning occur at their meeting or more like to have a
professional CFL budget of more than $100,000 than those who don't measure
learning (29•5 percent versus 17•6 percent).
COST OF PROJECT AND SOURCE OF FINANCE
Finance in project in india can be raised by the way of
(A) Share Capital
(B) Long - term borrowing
(C) Short - term borrowing
Both share capital and long term borrowings are used yo finance fixed assets and the
margin money required to obtain the bank borrowings for working capital. Working
capital id financed mainly from bank borrowings and from unsecured loaned and
deposits
SOURCE OF FINANCE

18. HSA investment assets reached an estimated $1•7 billion, up by 56% from the end of
2011. The average investment account holder had an $8,918 average total balance The
majority of their reports were delivered at the year end Devenur HSA Market Survey.
The wad carried out in January, 2013 and primarily consisted of the top 59 HSA
Provider in the health saving market as data was requested on the period ending on
December 31st, 2012


Project Profit and Break Even Analysis
(HOW PROFIT IS CALCULATED)
•Turn over (per year)
Item QTY RATE VALUE (Rs)
CFL ? ? ?
•Net Profit Per Year
Sale - Cost Of Production = Rs
•Net Profit Ratio :- Net Profit Per Year × 100
•Rate of Return:- Net Profit Per Year × 100 = %
•Break - even (% age of total production
Analysis envisaged)
•Fixed Cost
a) Depreciations (all types)
b) Rent on Building
c) Interest on Investments
d) 40% of salaries & wage
e) 40% of utilities
•TOTAL
Net Profit Per Year :- Total Income
Break-even Point (B•E•P) :- Fixed Cost × 100
•Fixed cost + Net profit
= ? × 100
= PROFIT



CONCLUSION
The average rated life of CFL is between 8 to 15 times than that of incandescent.
CFLs typically have a rated life span of between 6,000 and 15,000 hours, whereas
incandescent lamp are usually manufactured yo have a life span of 750 hours or 1,000
hours. For a given light output. CFLs use 20 to 30 percent of the power of equivalent
incandescent lamps
9-13 40 450

19. 13-15 60 800
18-35 75 1,000
23-40 100 1,600
30-52 150 2,600

This given an efficiency range of 17 to 21% of a theoretical ideal white light source
giving 357 linens per radiant watt for a tri-phosphor spectrum, while CFLs require
more energy in maintaining than incandescent lamps this embodied energy is more
than offset by the fact that they last longer and less energy than equivalent
incandescent lamps during lifespan. While the purchase price of an CFL is typically 3
to 10 times greater than that of equivalent incandescent lamps. Cost of CFLs are
extremely cost effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent
lamps. Thus CFL has got an enormous market potential