Ch1- introduction to ethics.pptxntroduction

Ch1- introduction to ethics.pptx

1. Ch1-introduction to ethics The Word ethics is derived from the Greek word “ ethicos ” meaning customs and habit. ETHICS is branch of philosophy that deals with morality, moral problems and normal judgment in fact the whole science of moral principles.

2. Cont…. Ethics : is a system of normal standards or values Ethics refers to moral principles governing human character and conduct. Ethics rules provided by external source Moral individuals own principles regarding right and wrong

3. Cont ….. Ethics or moral philosophy is branch of philosophy that “involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. What is philosophy? Philosophy from Greek “philosophia” {love of wisdom} is the study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind and language.

4. Cont ……. Who was the first person using the word of philosophy? Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras (570—495 B.C). Others claim that Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was first person, where others also claim that Socrates (470-399 B.C) and Plato (428-348 B.C) where started.

5. the major fields of philosophy include: Metaphysics which is concerned with the fundamental nature of existence and reality Ontology is referred to as science of existence, being, becoming and reality and belongs to the major branch of metaphysics. Epistemology which studies the nature of knowledge and belief, Ethics is branch of philosophy which studies the moral value. Logic studies which studies truth and reasoning and rules of inference that allow one to derive conclusions.

6. Cont ……..

7. Pillars of philosophy There are four pillars of philosophy which are 1-theoretical philosophy (metaphysics and epistemology) 2-practical philosophy (ethics, aesthetics, social and political philosophy) 3-logic 4-history philosophy

8. Historic background of ethics: Ethics started for more than 4000 years ago, for example the Hippocratic Oath , the Ten Commandments in torah , the bible, the Buddha teachings , the holy Koran and Islamic legacy as well as traditions and social moralities shaped specific ethical standard.

9. Fields of ethics Health ethics Is the branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues in health, health care, medicine and science? Bioethics The study of ethical issues brought about by the advances in biology and medicine

10. Cont ……. Importance of health ethics: To help health professional identify moral and ethical issues, To know what is right and wrong about what should and should not be done for and to client, To know and respect the issues of human rights, personal and civic.

11. Sources of health ethics 1-religion Religion is the basis of an individual ethics that he follows from his childhood and is deeply rooted in his behavior. He understands about the fair and unfair, badness and goodness of actions and consequences of these actions.

12. Cont ….. قاعدة : الضرورة تبيح المحطورات أخف الضررين الضرر يزال الضرر لايزال بضرر مثله

13. Cont…. Example: abortion, cesarean surgery, in vitro fertilization, organ transplantation, family planning e.g. sterilization method (tubal ligation and vasectomy), blood transfusion, autopsy The Somaliland ministry of endowment and religion issued fatwa on FGM “any girl who suffers from pharaoh circumcision will be eligible for compensation depending on the extent of the wound, and the violation caused. Anyone proven to be performing the practice will receive punishment depending on the extent of the violation”

14. 2-culture Culture is pattern of behaviors and values that are transferred from one generation to another, those that are considered ideal or acceptable within specified community. The culture determines what is right and what is wrong and defines certain behavior as acceptable and others as unacceptable. قاعدة: التعيين بالعرف كالتعيين بالنص المعروف عرفا كالمشروع شرعا

15. 3-law Law is the code of conduct formulated by the legal system of the state and is to be followed by an individual to respect the societal interest. They are meant to guide human behavior within social fabric.

16. Cont ….. The major problem with the law is that all the ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law. Example abortion, FGM and early marriage Somali constitution (2012), in relation to abortion and FGM, Article 15 states that: (15/4) Female circumcision is a cruel and degrading customary practice, and is tantamount to torture. The circumcision of girls is prohibited. (15/5) Abortion is contrary to sharia and is prohibited except in cases of necessity, especially to save the life of the mother.

17. Cont…. In article 28/5 states that marriage is legal once a man and woman reach the ‘age of maturity’ “A marriage shall not be legal without the free consent of both the man and the woman, or if either party has not reached the age of maturity”. 4-Mind (secular) Secular countries: abortion, prostitution, transgender etc.

18. Examples

19. Ethical questions Should children with serious birth defects be kept alive? Should a woman be allowed an abortion for any reason? Should health care workers be required to receive small pox vaccination? Should organs for transplantation be able to be purchased?

20. thanks