CH2-BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS (inclass).pptx

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1. Today’s House Keeping Sign in sheet Cellphone Off/Silent Q/A: Observation 1 and schedule Review Last Week Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings Break 10 minutes Chapter 3 Part 1. Conclusion Dismissal

2. CH2-BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS SANTROCK (2014)

3. Learning Goals-Chapter 2 Discuss the evolutionary perspective on development . Describe what genes are and how they influence human development . Describe prenatal development . Discuss the birth process and the postpartum period . 3

4. Biological Beginnings Natural Selection &Adaptive Behavior Evolutionary Psychology Heredity-Environment Interaction Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Infertility Adoption Evolutionary Perspective Reproduction Challenges & Choices Genetic Foundations What are genes? Mitosis & Meiosis Genetic Principles Behavior Genetics Molecular Genetics Chromosome & Gen-linked Abnormalities Conclusion about heredity-environment interaction

5. The Evolution Perspective

6. Natural Selection & Adaptive behavior Charles Darwin (1859) “Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce” p.34.

7. All organisms must adapt in life Not enough foods, or resources, struggles No Chance to reproduce Endurance, superior characteristics Reproduce/Pass on survival genes to next.

8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0fnBTUuRIA Adaptive Behavior adaptive behavior is the behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

9. Evolutionary Psychology Emphasizes the important of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior. Explains human physical features and behaviors . Focuses on conditions for survival or non-survivals Paul Baltes’s View of Evolution and Culture across the Life-Span

10. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Humans take longer to become reproductively mature Humans require time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human societies The length of childhood period is extended Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society 10

11. 11 According to evolutionary theory, there is a specific reason that certain animals live in the regions that they do. Polar bears, for instance, are found only in the Arctic regions of the world. An evolutionary theorist would say that the polar bear was best adapted for this type of environment, unlike a grizzly bear, who would freeze to death. In this case, the polar bear is a good example of___________________________ Natural Selection What are the critics about evolutionary psychology? It focuses too much in genetic influence and overlook another equation of development such behaviors/environments. It occurs in time scale that does not lend itself to empirical study. As a criticism of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a bidirectional View, rejected one-sided evolutionism.

12. Genetic Foundations of Development Each of us carries a “genetic code” that we inherited from our parents A fertilized human egg carries this human code Fertilized human egg cannot grow into any other species Each of us began life as a single cell which contained our entire genetic code Mitosis: Cell nucleus duplicates. Meiosis: Cell division forms gametes. Fertilization: Egg and sperm form zygote. 12 Genes and chromosomes: Identical and fraternal twins Mutated gene Genotype-All of one’s genetic makeup Phenotype-Observable characteristics

13. 13 The units of hereditary information that are compromised of short segments of DNA are genes. A complex molecule that has a double-helix shape and contains genetic information is chromosome The originally thought that human beings have around 100,000 genes , recent research into the human genome suggests that we probably have more like 3 0,000 different genes. DNA is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins .

14. 14 X X X Y

15. 15 After fertilization of the egg by a sperm, a single cell is created that is known as ___________________ zygote A person’s _________________ refers to all of an individual’s genetic material, including that which has and has not yet been expressed. genotype A phenotype can consist of ______________as well as ________________ characteristics. psychological physical When one gene overrides the potential of another gene to be expressed, masking it in a way, this gene is exerting a _____________ influence. dominant

16. Heredity-Environment Interaction CONCEPT CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION Intelligence Jensen Argues that intelligence is mainly due to heredity Most exerts today accept that the environment plays an important role in intelligence Heredity-Environment Correlations Sandra Scarr argues that the environments parents select for children depend on the parents ’genotypes Passive genotypes, evocative-environment, and active genotype-environment are three correlations Scarr believes the relative importance of these three genotype-environment correlations changes as children develop Shared and nonshared environment experiences These refer to siblings common experiences These refer to child unique experiences Complexity: conclusions about Heredity-Environment Interaction Many complex behaviors have some genetic loading that gives people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory Actual development also requires an environment, and that environment is complex The interaction of heredity and environment is extensive. source: www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/santrock

17. Genetic Principles Sex-linked genes: X-linked inheritance for males and females. Poly-genetically determined characteristics : Many genes interact to influence a trait. Sex-linked chromosome abnormalities : Down Syndrome Klinefelter syndrome- (males-extra X chromosome) Fragile X syndrome- (abnormality in X chromosome) Turner syndrome- (females-extra X chromosome) XYY syndrome- (males-extra Y chromosome)

18. Chromosome Abnormalities: Figure 2.4 18

19. 19 River has a round face, a flattened skull, an extra fold of skin over her eyelids, a thickened tongue, short limbs, and retardation of motor and mental abilities. She is likely to have been born with Down Syndrome Hans is tall and has undeveloped testes and developed unusually large breasts for a man. What sex-linked disorder does he have? Klinefelter Syndrome Fragile X syndrome is usually characterized by some sort of mental deficiency. This deficiency could include having Mental retardation, short attention span, and learning disabilities Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Sandra most likely has Turner Syndrome

20. Gene-Linked Abnormality 20

21. Prenatal Tests Ultrasound Sonography Perform 7 wk - throughout pregnancy Chorionic V illi S ampling : Small sample of placenta taken (10-12 wk ) detect genetics defect/chromosome abnormalities Amniocentesis : Samples amniotic fluid (16-18 wk ). Test for chromosome or metabolic disorder Maternal blood test Blood screening for spina bifida/down syndrome, risks for birth defect Fetal MRI Look for more detailed/accuracy of the abnormalities in specific organs etc. Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD) Look for fetal cells circulating in mother’s blood Test genes inherited from father causes cystic fibrosis/Huntington disease Fetal Sex determination Early detection of baby gender

22. Hazards to Prenatal Development Prescription drugs Social Drugs Substance Abuse Maternal Factors Other Factors

23. PRENATAL PERIODS

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25. Birth Process 3 Stages Contractions causing the cervix to stretch and open moving from 15 to 20 minutes apart at the beginning to 2 to 5 minutes apart at the end . Contractions occur every2-5 minutes, push baby through the birth canal Baby head emerges from the mother’s body, afterbirth the placenta , umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled . 25 http:// americanpregnancy.org/tag/understanding-labor-and-birth

26. Where to give birth….. 26 Midwife -Certified birth attendance Doula -Greek term-,caregiver, physical, emotional, educational support Hospital -OBGYN, Nurse, Pediatrician

27. Choose to give birth….. 27 Nonmedicated techniques: Water birth more in European countries Massage reduces pain and anxiety Acupuncture is standard in China Hypnosis has some positive effects Music therapy reduces stress, manages pain Natural Childbirth Technique: Using breathing strategy, relaxation technique, French term Lamaze Medication Techniques: Using analgesics (epidural block, oxytocic, etc .), Possible effects of drugs on fetus Cesarean sections for breech babies, other risks and benefits

28. Assessing New Born Apgar Scale : Evaluates heart, reflexes, and color. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS): Sensitive index of neurological competence. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS): Analysis of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.

29. Post Partum Period The period after childbirth or delivery that lasts for about six weeks Or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant stage Physical adjustments Emotional and psychological adjustments 29

30. 30 See You in Chapter 3