Chandrayaan 1

Chandrayaan 1 is India's first mission to the moon. It's one of the succesful mission of ISRO.

1. Chandrayaan-1

2. Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota . Budget :   ₹386 crores. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. Introduction

3. The idea of undertaking an Indian scientific mission to Moon was initially mooted in a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 that was followed up by discussions in the Astronautical Society of India in 2000. Prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the  Chandrayaan- 1  project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. Government of India approved ISRO's proposal for the first Indian Moon Mission, called Chandrayaan-1 in November 2003. Background

4. Objectives The Chandrayaan-1 mission performed high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared (NIR), low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions. One of the objectives was to prepare a three-dimensional atlas of both near and far side of the moon. It aimed at conducting chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of mineral and chemical elements.

5. Lau n ch Vehicle Chandrayaan-1 was launched aboard PSLV C-11 which was one of world's most reliable launchers. PSLV was later used to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. PSLV-C11 was an updated version of ISRO’s PSLV standard configuration. Weighing 320 tonne at lift-off, the vehicle used larger strap-on motors to achieve higher payload capability. PSLV is the trusted workhorse launch Vehicle of ISRO. During September 1993 - April 2008 period, PSLV had twelve consecutively successful launches. On October 22, 2008, its fourteenth flight launched Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft.

6. Specifications Mass 1,380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Power The spacecraft was mainly powered by its solar array, which included one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 × 1.8 m generating 750 W of peak power, which was stored in a 36 A·h lithium-ion battery for use during eclipses. Onboard power 700 Watts.

7. Chandrayaan spacecraft was a cube of side 1.5 m and was based on the I-1-K bus which was used in the IRS series of satellites. It also carried the Moon Impact Probe which landed on the moon on November 14, 2009. Spacecraft

8. Prior to Chandrayaan's launch, the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) was developed, which was a mission requirement. IDSN comprises of a 32 m and an 18 m diameter antennas located at Byalalu. ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) will be providing support of the TTC ground stations, communications network between ground stations and control center. Ground Segment

9. Mission timeline During the tenure Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Chandrayaan project got a boost. Chandrayaan-1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit-increasing manoeuvres around the Earth over a period of 21 days. At launch the spacecraft was inserted into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) For the duration of the mission, (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, tracked and controlled Chandrayaan-1.

10. End of the mission Mission expected to operate for two years.  But, 28 August 2009 communication with the spacecraft was suddenly lost.   Although the mission was less than 10 months in duration, and less than half the intended two years in length, a review by scientists termed the mission successful, as it had completed 95% of its primary objectives. The probe had operated for 312 days.

11. Results Chandrayaan's  NASA Instrument Moon Mineralogy Mapper  has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis, meaning that the Moon was once completely molten. LLRI covered both the lunar poles and additional lunar regions of interest. HEX made about 200 orbits over the lunar poles and Mini-SAR provided complete coverage of both North and South Polar Regions of the Moon.

12. Lunar water discovery On 24 September 2009, Science journal reported that the Nasa Instrument Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) on Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon. But, on 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP, another instrument on board Chandrayaan-1, had discovered water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it 3 months before NASA's M 3 .  The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.

13. ISRO’s Chandrayaan-1 Team G. Madhavan Nair  – Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation T. K. Alex  – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre) Mylswamy Annadurai  – Project Director, Chandrayan-1 S. K. Shivkumar  – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network M. Pitchaimani  – Operations Director, Chandrayan-1 & many others

14. Awards The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) has selected ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards. The International Lunar Exploration Working Group awarded the Chandrayaan-1 team. US-based National Space Society awarded ISRO the 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category, for the Chandrayaan-1 mission.