Changing Climate Changing Crops with extreme weather events.pptx

effect of climate change on crops

1. Changing Climate, Changing Crops Effect of climate change on weather events & crops (Tropical Subtropical & Temperate) Preeti Sharma PhD. Biochemistry 2023BS11D

2. Global warming leads to Climate Change

3. Extreme weather event: U nusual, severe, or unseasonal weather condition that deviate significantly from the average conditions typically experienced in a particular region.

4. Connection of climate change with extreme weather events Warmer temperatures due to climate change, boost water evaporation, providing more energy for intensified storms, heatwaves, and droughts. Changes in atmospheric circulation: Atmosphere warming alters circulation patterns, including the jet stream. Changes in circulation influence weather systems, potentially causing persistent patterns like prolonged heatwaves, droughts, or heavy rainfall Increased water vapor in the atmosphere: Warmer air holds more water vapor due to rising temperatures. Increased moisture contributes to more intense rainfall during storms, elevating the risk of flooding and enhancing potential for extreme precipitation events.

5. Continued….. Sea Level Rise: Melting ice and thermal expansion contribute to rising sea levels. Higher sea levels exacerbate storm surge impacts during tropical cyclones and hurricanes, leading to more extensive coastal flooding and damage. Ocean Warming: Oceans absorb heat, resulting in warmer ocean temperatures. Warmer oceans provide more energy to tropical cyclones, potentially increasing their intensity. Warm sea surface temperatures influence precipitation patterns and contribute to the development of extreme weather events. Melting Ice and Changes in Cryosphere: Melting ice in polar regions indicates global warming. Changes in the cryosphere influence regional climate patterns, contributing to the frequency of heatwaves and disruptions in atmospheric circulation.

6. Parameter Effects Growth & Metabolism Heat stress in plants, affect photosynthesis, pollination, and overall plant metabolism. Sensitivity to high temperatures during specific stages of growth, leads to heat stress. Changes in temperature and other climatic factors can affect the timing of flowering, fruiting, and harvest seasons. This can lead to mismatches with pollinators or other ecological partners, impacting crop yields. Pest and Disease Dynamics Altered the geographic distribution of pests and diseases. Some crops may become more susceptible to new pests or diseases, while others may experience a decrease in existing threats. Favorable conditions for the increased proliferation of certain pests and diseases. Rapid pathogen transmission and increased host susceptibility. Water & Nutrient availability Crop water stress leads to inappropriate nutrient uptake. Waterlogging can result in the loss of oxygen to plant roots. Extreme weather events can contribute to soil erosion, leading to nutrient loss and decreased soil fertility. High rate of evapotranspiration leads to water scarcity. Effects of Climate Change on Crops

7. Effects on Crops continued….. Parameter Effects Quality of Soil and Water Sea-level rise and changes in precipitation patterns can lead to the intrusion of saltwater into coastal areas, affecting the quality of soil and groundwater, thus salt stress in crops. Post harvest storage Post-harvest storage also may become more challenging as rising temperatures make it more likely that insects or mold will destroy crops that are stored outdoors or in protected, but not cooled areas. Economic considerations Yield losses and post harvest destruction of cereals lead to economic hardships for farmers.

8. A comparison of Climatic zones Aspect Tropical Regions Subtropical Regions Temperate Regions Temperature Consistently warm to hot year-round (25°C to 35°C / 77°F to 95°F) Warm summers, mild winters (exceeding 30°C / 86°F in summers, rarely below freezing in winters) Four distinct seasons, warm to hot summers (20°C to 30°C / 68°F to 86°F), cold winters (below freezing) Humidity High humidity levels (>60-70%) Moderate to high humidity levels Varies widely, generally lower than tropical regions Rainfall Wet and dry seasons, heavy rainfall during wet season Moderate to high rainfall, some regions with distinct wet and dry seasons Evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year, varying levels across regions Storms Prone to tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons Occasional tropical storms or hurricanes, less severe than tropical regions Various weather phenomena like thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.

9. Some Important Crops: * Price hike due to extreme weather events driven by climate change: World Economic Forum ^ Endangered due to climate change (reported by Action Against Hunger: a global humanitarian organization)

10. Some notable observations……. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. Decreased snow cover, affecting snow-fed and glacial systems such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra. About 70% of the summer flow of the Ganges comes from melt water Drop in wheat production by 4-5 million tonnes , with even a 1ºC rise in temperature Rising sea levels causing displacement along one of the most densely populated coastlines in the world, threatened freshwater sources and mangrove ecosystems Studies indicate that over 50% of India’s forests are likely to experience shift in forest types, adversely impacting associated biodiversity, regional climate dynamics as well as livelihoods based on forest products.

11. Major Influence on different climatic zone crops Tropical Crops: Water deficits are the main climate-induced threat for tropical rainforests due to increased evapotranspiration. Adaption strategi involve development of drought resistant varieties. Subtropical Crops: Shifts in the time of warm and cold weather in subtropical regions affected the crop yield by changing time of flowering, pollination etc. precipitation patterns are also affected. Adoption of climate resilient varieties and water management is required. Temperate Crops: Introduction of new pests and pathogen of crops in the temperate regions is the biggest threat due to changing climate along with decrease in yield due to heat stress in plants. Adoption of heat resistant varieties is required along with pest management.

12. Thank You