Chap 1 cold war era class 12

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1. Presented by: Ruheen Khatoon Class – XII ‘D’ Roll no. - T h e Cold War Era

2. THE COLD WAR ERA Overview Cuban Missile Crisis What is Cold War? The Emergence of Two Power Blocs Arenas of the Cold War Challenge to Bipolarity New International Economic Order India and the Cold War

3. 1: OVERVIEW – Contemporary World Politics Contemporary World Politics – parallel to us and it is helping to shape today’s world politics. Cold War Era has affected the present world politics. End of the Cold War leads to the beginning of the contemporary era in the world politics. Dominance of two superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union was central to the Cold War Emergence of Non Alligned Movement – Challenge to the two super powers Establishment of NIEO (New International Economic Order) – means to attain economic development and political independence. Consequences, Events, Effects of Cold War. Second World War – Why When Between Whom and its results.

4. 2: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Cold war was in high point – as if it will be converted to Hot war. Cold war No use of weapons Ideologies To convince one’s point of view To show one self as supreme Hot war – use of weapons No extreme situation where weapons can be used.

5. CUBA A country in North America, South side. Small Island Communist country It was a reason of threat from Cuba to USA as it was a Communist country. Leader Fidel Castro At present – Ruler – Raul Castro.

6. CUBAN CRISIS In April 1961 USSR feared USA will invade communist ruled Cuba. Fidel Castro was the president of the small island nation off the coast of the United States. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received both diplomatic and financial aid. Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union. He decided to convert Cuba to a Russian base. 1962 he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. President of US, John F Kennedy became aware of it and was reluctant to do anything that might lead to full scale nuclear war between two countries. Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning to USSR. This clash is referred to as the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Crisis came to the high point which is known as Cold war.

7. CUBAN CRISIS The cold war refers to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between United states and Soviet Union. Cold war was an ideologies conflict. Organizing Political, economic and social life all over the world.

8. 3. WHAT IS THE COLD WAR? The end of the Second World War is a landmark in contemporary world politics. Cold war is a war without weapon. Ideological differences. Both the power behaved rationally and responsibly. Logic of deterrence

9. COLD WAR End of the 2 nd World War – Beginning of the Cold War. The World War ended when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 – led Japan to surrender. Critics said that it was unnecessary for US to drop atom bombs as Japan was ready to surrender.

10. COLD WAR Dropped Atom Bomb – just to show its supremacy. USA argued that they wanted to end the war quickly. End of the Second World War – emergence of two super power USA and USSR – rivaled each other. Destructions of atom bomb was too costly to bear.

11. 4: EMERGENCE OF TWO POWER BLOCKS These two superpowers wanted to expand their spheres of influence in different parts of the world. World divided into two alliance system. The smaller states in the alliances used the link to the superpowers for their own purposes.

12. EMERGENCE OF TWO POWER BLOCKS Smaller states got the promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local rivals. Threatened to divide the entire world into two camps. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) April 1949 was formed. 12 states association. Armed attack on any one of them in Europe or North America would be regarded as an attack on all of them. Each of these states would be obliged to help each other.

13. Cold war (1945-1989)

14. EMERGENCE OF TWO POWER BLOCKS Europe became the main arena of conflict between the superpowers. The superpowers used their military power to bring countries into their respective alliances. In East and Southeast Asia and in West Asia (Middle East), the United States build an alliance system called the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). The Soviet Union and communist China responded by having close relations with regional countries such as North Vietnam, North Korea and Iraq. 5. The smaller states were helpful for the superpowers in gaining access to Vital resources, such as oil and minerals Territory, from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops. Locations from where they could spy on each other and Economic support, in that many small allies together could help pay for military expenses. 6. These are important for ideological reasons. 7. The loyalty of allies suggested that the superpowers were winning the war of ideas as well that liberal democracy and capitalism were better than socialism and communism or vice versa.

15. 5: ARENAS OF THE COLD WAR The Cold War led to several shooting wars but it did not let to another world war. The superpowers were poised for direct confrontations in Korea (1950 – 53), Berlin (1958 – 62), the Congo (the early 1960s) and in several other places. Arenas of the Cold War refers to the areas where crisis and war occurred or threatened to occur between the alliance systems but did not cross certain limits. Many lives were lost in some of these arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan but it did not lead to nuclear war and global hostilities. Non-aligned countries played a role in reducing Cold War conflicts. Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of NAM played the role of mediating between two Koreas. In Congo crisis, the UN Secretary General played a key mediatory role.

16. 5: ARENAS OF THE COLD WAR The conflicts to which both superpowers were directly involved but not directly engaged between one another which escalated into a “shooting war” or a real war between Soviet and American Troops. The Berlin Blockade of 1948, the Korean War, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Cuban Revolution, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the Yom Kippur War, the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the Revolutions of 1989, the Persian Gulf War and the Yugoslav Wars. These conflicts are where both the US and the Soviet Union are in direct participation but not in direct conflict or confrontation. Both superpowers were involved behind the scenes and used these conflicts as “proxy wars” to engage with each other without escalating the Cod War into World War III.

17. 5: ARENAS OF THE COLD WAR The cold war did not eliminate rivalries between two super powers. The US and USSR decided to collaborate in limiting or eliminating certain kinds of nuclear and non nuclear weapons. The two sides signed three agreements – Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty and The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

18. 6: CHALLENGE OF BIPOLARITY The five founders of NAM Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito, India’s Jawaharlal Nehru Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel Nasser Indonesia’s Sukarno Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah The first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961. This was the culmination of at least three factors – Co-operation among these five countries Growing Cold War tensions and its widening arenas The dramatic entry of many newly decolonized African countries into the international arena. By 1960, there were 16 new African members in the UN The first summit was attended by 25 member states.

19. 6: CHALLENGE OF BIPOLARITY The latest meeting the 14 th summit was held in Havana in 2006 which included 116 member states and 15 observer countries. Many political systems and interests joined international movement. Non alignment is not isolationism since isolationism means remaining aloof from world affairs. Isolationism sums up the foreign policy of the US from the American War of Independence in 1787 up to the beginning of the First World War. India played an active role in mediating between the two rival alliances in the cause of peace and stability.

20. 6 : CHALLENGE OF BIPOLARITY Non alignment is not neutrality. Neutrality refers principally to a policy of staying out of war. States practicing neutrality are not required to help to end war or get involved in wards or take any position on the appropriateness or morality of a war. Non aligned states including India were actually involved in wars for various reasons. They also worked to prevent war between others and tried to end wars that had broken out.

21. 7: NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries – to develop more economically the Least Developed Countries and to lift their people out of poverty. Economic Development was important for Least Developed Countries. 4. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free. 5. It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved.

22. 7: NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER 6. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. The report proposed to give – Give the LDCs control over the natural resources exploited by the developed Western countries. Obtain access to Western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and therefore make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries. Reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries. Provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions. 8. Gradually the nature of Non – Alignment changed to give greater importance to economic issues.

23. 8 :INDIA AND THE COLD WAR India followed a two way policy regarding the cold war . It didn’t join any of the alliances and raised voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances. The policy of India was not ‘ fleeing away’ but was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften the Cold war rivalries. The Non- Alignment gave India the power to take international decisions and to balance one superpower against other. India’s policy of Non-Alignment was criticized on a no. of counts. But still it has become both as an international movement and a core of India’s foreign policy.