chap # 1 . intro.pptx........pharmacognosy

Best introduction of pharmacognosy

1. Introduction of P harmacognosy Dr. Tayyba Saher

2. The term Pharmacognosy (initially known as materia medica ) was introduced by C. A. Seydler , a medical student in Halle, Germany, in 1815 . [ He wrote his doctoral thesis titled Analectica Pharmacognostica .] The word pharmacognosy is derived from two Greek words, -“ pharmakon ” means “ Drug ” -“ gnosis ” means “ knowledge ” Pharmacognosy means “ knowledge of drug”

3. Definition The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines Pharmacognosy as " the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources ” Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. There are 4 source of obtaining drug. Plants: e.g, Atropine, Morphine Animals e.g, Cod liver oil Minerals e.g, Calcium, phosphate Micro organism e.g, P encillin

4. Historical development In the early period, primitive man went in search of food and ate at random, plants or their parts like tubers, fruits, leaves, etc . As no harmful effects were observed he considered them as edible materials and used them as food.

5. If he observed other effects by their eating they were considered inedible, and according to the actions he used them in treating symptoms or diseases. If it caused diarrhoea it was used as purgative, if vomiting it was used as emetic And if it was found poisonous & death was caused, he used it as arrow poison. The knowledge was empirical and was obtained by trial and error . He used drugs as such or as their infusions and decoctions. The results were passed on from one generation to the other, and new knowledge was added in the same way.

6. Contribution of various scientist for development of pharmacognosy are as follows: Ibn Sina : This herbal system was developed by Arabian Muslim| Ibn Sina (980 - 1037 AD). He was a prince and ruler. He was a very brilliant pharmacist and physician who wrote a book " Kitab -Al- Shifa ”, means 'Book of Healing'. The book was written on Arabic language. This is a great contribution of Ibn Sina on medical and pharmaceutical sciences.

7. Charaka : He made 50 groups of 10 herbs. Each and every drug has medicinal effects. Charka Samhita is the first recorded treatise which based on the practice of Ayurveda . Sushruta (600 B.C.): He arranged 760 herbs in 7 different sets based on their properties. Sushruta author of Sushrut Samhita in which surgery in Ayurveda. He was consider as a "Father of surgical medicine/surgery"

8. Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.) He worked on Anatomy and physiology on circulatory and nervous system. He prepared famous oath for physician, which is still taken by the physician. He was regraded as Father of Medicine" Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) He studied on classifying plant and animal kingdom. He was regarded as "Father of natural history." Theophrastus (370-287 B.C.) He wrote about plants and described medicinal uses of plants.

9. C.A . Seydler , German scientist (1815), Seydler was the general scientist and wrote a titled Analectica Pharmacognostica in 1815. In this book he used word Pharmacognosy first time this word by combining two Greek words, Pharnakon : Drug and genosis : study. Galen (131-200 A.D.) He was the Greek pharmacist. He worked on extraction of chemical constituents from the plants. He developed various methods of extraction. The branch of pharmacy which deals with the extraction of chemical constituents from plants and animals is called as " Galenical Pharmacy" He was regarded as "First Pharmacist"

10. SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY Natural medicine have great value in the treatment and care of disease. Pharmacognosy is important branch of pharmacy which play an important role in new drug discovery by using natural products. It is an important link between allopathy and traditional system of medicine. It is a part of medicine system which is affordable as for the common man. More than 60% word population is still using natural products for their primary health care needs. Pharmacognosy studied most of the compound derived from natural resources about are less toxic. It is acting as bridge between pharmacology, medical chemistry and also pharmaceutics .

11. By mean of Pharmacognosy natural products can be dispensed, formulated and manufactured in dosage forms acceptable to modern system of medicine. The knowledge of plant anatomy, plant breeding, plant pathology and plant genetics is helpful in the development of cultivation for medicinal and aromatic plants. Extraction, isolation, purification and characterization of phytochemicals from natural sources are important for advancement of medicine system. Pharmacognosy can provide safe and effective drug in combination with modern medicine system.

12. Development of Pharmacognosy Modern Pharmacognosy occurred during 1934 - 1960. This development was mainly due to some events like: Discovery of Penicillin in 1928 Isolation of Resperine 1952 Anticancer properties of Vinca rosea Discovery of Dioscorea was utilized to prepare semi synthetic steroidal hormones . Pharmacognosy as an applied science. It played a crucial role in the development of different disciplines of science .

13. Pharmacognosy is an imp link between Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Natural products got more and more therapeutic importance with developments like: Isolation of therapeutically active constituents Their identification and structure elucidation. There is close link between structure and Pharmacological action . Natural products served the purpose of precursor for synthesis of several medicinally important compounds. Some isolated components from plants were made into different formulations and used as drugs.

14. Present status and future prospects Now the people have realized the utility of drugs of natural origin which are not only economical but even safer too. Active constituents from plant sources have lead to rapid developments in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry . Availability of modern state of art facility like structure determination and pharmacological screening Rapid devt in the fields of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology have further supported advancements in Pharmacognosy.