Chapter 1.1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology.pdf

Discussion on Chapter 1 of Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Chapter 1
An Introduction to the
Human Body

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy is the study of body structure.
–Word is derived from the Greek and means “to cut” or
“cutting backwards” (putting things together
–from slices).
Human Physiology is the science of body
functions.
–Including the study of homeostasis
–(keeping the organs systems of
–the body in balance)

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy is the study of body structure.
•Word is derived from the Greek and means “to cut” or “cutting
backwards” (putting things together
from slices).
Human Physiology is the science of body
functions.
•Including the study of homeostasis
(keeping the organs systems of
the body in balance)

4. Anatomy and Physiology
•Structure and function of the body are closely
related: Structure mirrors function
–Bones of the skull
are heavy and secure to
protect brain function.
–The thin air sacs of the
lungs permit movement
of gases from the lungs to the blood.

5. This structureis the liver, which has the functionof filtering blood and producing
bile. Can you see how the function is determined by the structure, and vice versa?
Anatomy and Physiology
•Structure mirrors function

6. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Surface Anatomy is the study of form and markings
of the body surface, often explored through
visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”).
•Gross Anatomy is the study of anatomical structures
visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate
surface marking in the prior picture, the gross
dissection proceeds through “cutting.”

7. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Gross Anatomy can be studied by two general
approaches:
–Systemicapproach (Systemic Anatomy):
•Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the
bones… at once.
–Regionalapproach (Regional Anatomy)
•All anatomical structures of a specific region (e.g. the thorax, or
the Head and Neck) are all studied together.

8. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Developmental anatomy is the study of the
fertilized egg developing into its adult form.
–Embryology is a subcategory
of developmental anatomy
(conception to 8
th
week of gestation).

9. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Histologyis the study of tissues.
•Cytology,like histology, uses a
microscope, but restricts the study
to individual cellular structures .
This micrograph is typical of
an histological and cytological
examination under light
microscopy

10. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Pathologyis the study of anatomical changes due to disease .
–Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic,
and laboratory
examinations to discover the
source of the disease.
This is a section of a human colon
opened by a pathologist to reveal polyps that would become cancerous in a few
years (premalignant).

11. •An autopsy is a postmortem (after death) examination of
the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist.
•An autopsy is usually done to :
–Determine the cause of death
–Identify diseases not detected during life
–Determine the extent of injuries and contribution to death
–Identify hereditary conditions
Clinical Connection

12. Levels of Organization
In this course, we will
study Anatomy and
Physiology by starting with
the most basic level of
organization (atoms) and
“working our way up”.

13. •The chemical level of organization is discussed in
Chapter 2:
–Atoms
–Inorganic Molecules (inorganic chemistry)
–Organic Molecules (organic chemistry)
Levels of Organization

14. Levels of Organization
•The Cellis next in complexity, in fact many
billions of times more complex than molecules.
–Cells (and this is important!) are the basic structural
and functional units of an organism .
•There are many different kinds of cells in the human body.
A trained cytologist can
recognize under light microscopy
about 210 different kinds of cells.

15. Levels of Organization
•Tissuesare groups of cells that work together to
perform a similar function.
•While there are many different types of cells, they all
work to form 4 basic types of tissues:
–Epithelium
–Connective Tissue

Muscle
Nerves

16. •Organs are structures composed of two or more
different types of tissues (all but the simplest of
organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.)
–Organs have specific functions
and recognizable shapes.
•Example: The skin contains
Epithelium, Connective Tissues,
Nerves, and Muscle.
Levels of Organization

17. •An organ system consists of related organs with
a common function. For instance, the Digestive
system handles all aspects of taking in and
breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and
eliminating wastes.
–It includes all the organs of the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
–There are 11 organ systems in
the body.
Levels of Organization

18. •An organismconsists of a collection of organ
systems.
•In health, all parts of the body must be
functioning together in a process called
homeostasis.
Levels of Organization

19. BASICLIFEPROCESSES
Variousfunctionscarriedoutbylivingbeings;whichare
necessarytomaintainandcontinuelifearecalledlifeprocess.
6mainlifeprocesses.
1.Nutrition
2.Respiration
3.Transportation
4.Excretion
5.Movement
6.Reproduction
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20. 1. NUTRITION
Theprocessoftakinginfoodandutilizingitiscallednutrition.
Theterm‘nutrition’comesfromtheword‘nutrient’.
Anutrientisanorganicorinorganicsubstancerequiredforthe
maintenanceoflifeandsurvivalofalivingorganism.
Thefoodtakeninbyanorganismcontainsalargenumberof
nutrientslikecarbohydrates,fats,proteins.
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21. 1. NUTRITION
ModeofNutrition.
Autotrophic
1.Photosynthesis
2.Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophic
1.Parasitic
2.Holozoic
3.Saprophytic
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22. 1. NUTRITION
Autotrophic:
Theword‘auto’means‘self’and‘trophe’means
‘nutrition’.
Autotrophicnutritionisthatmodeofnutritioninwhichan
organismmakesitsownfoodfromthesimpleorganic
materialslikecarbondioxideandwaterpresentinthe
surroundings(withthehelpofsunlightenergy).
Thoseorganismswhichcanmaketheirownfoodfrom
carbondioxideandwaterarecalledautotrophs.
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23. 1. NUTRITION
Heterotrophic:
Theword‘heteros’meansotherand‘trophe’means
nutrition,thusheterotrophicmeansnutritionobtained
fromothers.
Allanimalshaveaheterotrophicmodeofnutrition.
Thoseorganismswhichcannotmaketheirownfood
frominorganicsubstancelikecarbondioxideandwater
dependonotherorganismfortheirfoodarecalled
heterotrophic.
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24. 1. NUTRITION
TypesofHeterotrophicNutrition:
SaprophyticNutrition.
ParasiticNutrition.
HolozoicNutrition.
SaprophyticNutrition:Isthenutritioninwhichorganismget
theirfoodfromdeadordecayingmatter.Theybreakdownthe
foodmaterialoutsidetheirbodyandthenabsorbit.
Examples:Mashrooms,yeast,etc.
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25. 1. NUTRITION
ParacyticNutrition:Isthenutritioninwhichorganismgettheir
foodfromlivingorganismwithoutkillingthem.
Aparasiteisaorganismwhichfeedsonanotherlivingorganismcalled
itshost.
Examples:Cuscuta.
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26. 1. NUTRITION
HolozoicNutrition:Isthenutritioninwhichorganismtakefood
directlyandthendigestitandabsorbit.
Examples:Amoeba,Paramoecium.
Nutritioninhumanbeingstakeplaceinthedigestivesystem.
Itconsistsofthealimentarycanalandglandswhichproduce
enzymeswhichbreaksdownfoodintosmallermolecules.

Themainorgansofdigestivesystemsaremouth,oesophagus,
stomach,smallintestine,largeintestineandanus.
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27. 27

28. 2. RESPIRATION
Theprocessofreleasingenergyfromfoodiscalledrespiration.
Theprocessofrespirationinvolvestakinginoxygenintothecells,
usingitforreleasingenergybyburningfood,andtheeliminating
thewasteproductsfromthebody.
TheenergyreleasedisusedtomakeATPmoleculesfromADP
moleculesandinorganicphosphates.
TheenergyisstoredinthecellintheformofATPmolecules.
Whenthecellsneedenergy,ATPisbrokendowninthepresenceof
watertoformADPandenergyisreleased.
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29. 2. RESPIRATION
Themainorgansoftherespiratorysystemarenostrils,nasalcavity,
pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchiole,lungsanddiaphragm.
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30. 3. TRANSPORTATION
Transportationistheprocessesbywhichfood,oxygen,water,
wasteproductsarecarriedfromonepartofthebodytoother
parts.
Themaintransportsysteminhumanbeginsiscirculatorysystem.
Itconsistsofblood,arteries,veinscapillariesandhearts.
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31. 4. EXCRETION
Excretionistheprocessby
whichwasteproductsare
removedfromthebody.
Itconsistsofapairkidneys,
apairofureters,urinary
bladderandurethra.
Eachkidneyhasanumber
ofexcretoryunitscalledas
nephrons.
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32. 5. MOVEMENT
Itincludesmotionofthewholebody,individualorgans,single
cellsetc.
Formationofnewcellsortotheproductionofanewindividual.
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6. REPRODUCTION

33. HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis-theself-sustainingmechanismsinorganismsthat
triestomaintainstableinternalconditions.
Withouthomeostasis,organismswouldnotbeabletohavestable
internalconditions,andthereforewouldnotbeabletosurvive.
Homeostasisisadynamicconditioninresponsetochanging
conditions.
Thetwobodysystemsthatlargelycontrolthebody’s
homeostaticstate:
1.Nervoussystem
2.Endocrinesystem
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34. HOMEOSTASIS
Thesetwosystemalsoworkunderthe3different
componenttomaintainstableinternalconditions.
3Components:
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Receptor
Sensor/
Detector
(E.g. Skin)
Integrator
Decide
response
(E.g. Brain)
Effector
Carried-out
action
(E.g. Muscle)
Response
(Output)
Feedback

35. HOMEOSTASIS
Negativefeedbackmechanism:
Restoringbackthehumantoitsoriginalstate.
Makeupmostofthehomeostasiscontrolmechanism.
Avoidsuddenandharmfulchangestoourbody.
E.g.Insulinwillbesecretediftheglucoselevelinbloodistoo
high.
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36. HOMEOSTASIS
Positivefeedbackmechanism:
Triggeringanenhanceactionfromtheoriginalstimulus.
Commonlyforactivitydonotneedfurtheradjustment.
E.g:Bloodclottingwhereplateletswillpileupandclotatthe
injuredsite.
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37. CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostaticimbalancesoccurbecauseofdisruptions
fromtheexternalorinternalenvironments.
Homeostasisisregulatedbythenervoussystemand
endocrinesystem,actingtogetherorindependently.
Thenervoussystemdetectschangesandsendsnerve
impulsestocounteractthedisruption.
Theendocrinesystemregulateshomeostasisbysecreting
hormones.
Whereasnerveimpulsescauserapidchanges,hormones
usuallyworkmoreslowly.
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38. ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY

39. Try your best to write a sentence for each of the following
words. When possible, use anatomical parts in the sentence.
-Anterior
-Posterior
-Superior
-Inferior
-Dorsal
-Ventral
DO NOW

40. To explain relative body positions and be able to use them in
describing body parts.
To identify the 3 types of body planes.
To locate the different body regions.
OBJECTIVES

41. Body is standing erect
Upper limbs at sides
Palms forward
“ANATOMICAL POSITION”

42. 1. Superior:
“above”
Ex: your nose is superior to
your mouth

2. Inferior:
“below”
Ex: your mouth is inferior to your nose
RELATIVE POSITIONS

43. 3. Anterior/ventral:
“in front”
Ex: your eyes are anterior to
your brain

4. Posterior/dorsal:
“in back”
Ex: the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity
RELATIVE POSITIONS

44. 5.Medial:
Closer to the center of the body
Ex: your nose is medial to your
eyes

6. Lateral:
Farther away from the center of the body
Ex: your ears are lateral to your eyes
RELATIVE POSITIONS

45. 7. Proximal:
body part that is closerto a point of
attachment to the trunk than another body
part.
Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

8. Distal:
Body part that is fartherfrom a point of
attachment to the trunk than another body part.
Ex: the fingers are distal to the wrist
RELATIVE POSITIONS

46. 9. Superficial:
Near the surface
Ex: your epidermis is the most
superficial layer of skin.
“superficial wound” is on this
surface.

10. Deep:
Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts.
Ex: the dermis is the deep layer of skin. A “deep wound” would be more problematic and possibly require stitches.
RELATIVE POSITIONS

47. 11.Cranial:
Toward the skull/head
12.Caudal:
Toward the tail
13. Ipsilateral:
on the same side
14. Contralateral:
on the opposite side
OTHER SIMILAR TERMS

48. 15. Prone:
Lying down facing down (on your stomach)
16. Supine:
Lying down facing up (on your back)
OTHER SIMILAR TERMS

49. 1. Saggital
Divides body into left and right
portions lengthwise

2. Transverse
Divides body into superior and inferior portions
3. Coronal
Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
BODY SECTIONS

50. GUESS THE PLANES:
CORONAL, SAGITTAL, OR TRANSVERSE?

51. BODY SECTIONS AND PLANES
Cylindrical Object
Bone or organ
A) Cross section
B) Oblique section
C) Longitudinal section

52. Terms describing different areas of the body…
Fill the terms in on your diagram as we go through them!
1. Abdominal-region between thorax and pelvis
2. Acromial-point of the shoulder
3. Antebrachial-forearm
4. Antecubital-space in front of the elbow
5. Axillary-armpit
6. Brachial-arm
7. Buccal-cheek
8. Carpal-wrist
9. Celiac-abdomen
BODY REGIONS

53. 10. Cephalic-head
11. Cervical-neck
12. Costal-ribs
13. Coxal-hip
14. Crural-leg
15. Cubital-elbow
16. Digital-finger
17. Dorsal-back
18. Femoral-thigh
19. Frontal-forehead
20. Genital-reproductive organs
BODY REGIONS CONTINUED

54. 21. Gluteal-the buttocks
22. Inguinal-groin
23. Lumbar-lower back
24. Mammary-breast
25. Mental-chin
26. Nasal-nose
27. Occipital-lower back of the head
28. Oral-mouth
29. Orbital-eye cavity
30. Otic- ear
31. Palmar-palm of hand
32. Patellar-front of knee
33. Pectoral-chest
BODY REGIONS CONTINUED

55. 34. Pedal- foot
35. Pelvic-pelvis
36. Perineal-region between anus and external reproductive
organs.
37. Plantar-sole of foot
38. Popliteal-area behind knee
39. Sacral-posterior region between hip bones
40. Scapular-shoulder blade
41. Sternal-middle of thorax, anteriorly (sternum)
42. Tarsal-instep of foot
43. Umbilical-navel
44. Vertebral-spinal column
BODY REGIONS CONTINUED

56. *The next terms are NOT in your textbook but you are still
responsible for them.
45. Hallux-big toe
46. Pollex-thumb
47. Calcaneus- heel bone
48. Sural-calf
49. Fibular (peroneal )-side of lower leg
50. Manual-hand
BODY REGIONS CONTINUED

57. ANTERIOR
VIEW
(FRONT)

58. POSTERIOR
VIEW
(BACK)

59. The abdominal region can be separated even further.
ABDOMINAL REGION

60. Organ Systems of the Body
•Integumentary System consists
of the skin and related structures
(hair, nails, and glands).
–Protects body, regulates
temperature, and eliminates
wastes through sweat and other
secretions

61. •SkeletalSystemconsists of the bones and joints.
–Provides protection and support
–Houses cells that will
become
red blood cells,
white blood
cells, and
platelets
Organ Systems of the Body

62. •Muscular System consists of the named
skeletal muscles, as well as
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
–Participates with the skeletal
system to facilitate movement
and maintain posture
–Generates the heat necessary
for warm- blooded organisms to
maintain a constant body temp.
Organ Systems of the Body

63. •Nervous System consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory
organs).
–Senses and responds to body
conditions through
nerve impulses
Organ Systems of the Body

64. •Endocrine System consists ofhormone-producing cells
and glands
scattered throughout the
body.
–Regulates the body
through chemical
mechanisms (by releasing
hormones into the blood)
Organ Systems of the Body

65. •Cardiovascular consists oftheheart, blood, and
blood vessels.
–Carries blood and nutrients to
specific locations
–Regulates body temperature,
and water balance
Organ Systems of the Body

66. •Lymphatic System and Immunity consists of the lymphatic
fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes –and the other
associated organs of
the immune system like the
tonsils, spleen and thymus gland.
–Transports fats and proteins
to the cardiovascular system
–Filters blood and protects
against disease
Organ Systems of the Body

67. •Respiratory System consists of the upper airways,
the trachea and major
bronchi, and the lungs.
–Extracts O
2and
eliminates CO
2
–In conjunction with the
kidneys, regulates
acid/base balance
Organ Systems of the Body

68. Organ Systems of the Body
•Digestive System consists of the esophagus, stomach and
intestines, and
the accessory digestive
glands like the salivary
glands, liver, and gallbladder.
–Accomplishes the physical
and chemical breakdown
of food and elimination of waste

69. •Urinary System consists of the kidneys, ureters ,
bladder, and urethra.
–Involved in the collection
and excretion of waste
products in urine, and the
regulation of fluid,
electrolyte, & acid/base
balance
Organ Systems of the Body

70. •Reproductive System consists of the ovaries,
uterus and vagina in the female, and the testes
and penis in the male (along with associated
organs and glands in both sexes).
–Reproduction of an individual or organism
Organ Systems of the Body

71. •The systems of the body may appear to be separate
and distinct, but the maintenance of most body
functions requires the integration of many systems
working together.
–For example, regulation of body temperature involves
the muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, and
integumentary systems all working together to produce
and distribute body heat appropriately.
Organ Systems of the Body

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