Chapter-1.110 Hardware and Software.pptx

ict chapter 1

1. Chapter-1.1 Hardware and software

2. A computer is a device that can follow a set of instructions to carry out sequences of arithmetical and logical operations. The instructions to be followed are called a ‘program.’ 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 2

3. 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 3 There are 2 main parts of any computer system: the hardware and the software.

4. 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 4 Hardware Compute hardware consists of the physical parts of a computer system, the parts you can touch. These include: ………..

5. 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 5 Hardware The case Components inside the case, such as: central processing unit ( CPU) Motherboard Graphics card Sound card Network interface card ( NIC) Internal memory Random-access memory ( RAM) Read-only memory (ROM)

6. 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 6 Hardware Internal and external storage devices: Hard disk drives (HDD Solid state drives(SSD Optical drives Input and Output devices keyboard Mouse Monitor speakers Printer camera

7. 14/Jun/2024 Types and components of computer system 7 All of the components inside the case of computer must be fixed ( so they do not move about) and be able to communicate with each other. They are all fixed to sockets in a board with thin strips of copper connecting them together. This is a type of printed circuit board and is called the system board or motherboard .

8. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 8 Component that makes a device a computer is the central processing unit (CPU), processor. This interprets all the instructions in the programs and executes them ( carried them out). The program instructions and data that the processor is working on are stored in internal memory(RAM) .

9. Most Computer System display the results of their processing to users through a monitor and speakers.They therefore have their own dedicated printed circuit boards called a Graphic Card for the monitor and Sound Card for the speakers or headphones. 14/Jun/2024 Sample Footer Text 9

10. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 10 If the computer is being connected to a network, then a network interface card (NIC) nay need to be fitted to the motherboard, although most modern computers have these inbuilt in the motherboard.

11. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 11 A very important part of a computer is the main memory. This is used to store all the data and instructions currently being used. The main memory is sometimes called other names, such as internal memory. When a computer is turned off, the data that is stored in internal memory is lost and therefore internal and external storage devices are needed to permanently store this data.

12. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 12 When a computer is operating, data must be input so that it can be worked on or processed, and the results of this processing need to be output to the user. A computer system therefore needs various input and output devices such as keyboard, cameras, mice, printers, monitors and speakers.

13. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 13 KEY WORDS TO STUDY computer: a device that follows a set of instructions to carry out a series of arithmetical and logical operations Computer system: a computer combined with other equipment so that it can carry out desired functions. Hardware: the physical parts of a computer system, the parts you can touch. This includes the motherboard, CPU, keyboard, mouse, printer, and so on.

14. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 14 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 4. software: programs or applications that give instructions to the computer to tell it what to do 5. component: the parts that make up a whole machine. The internal parts are usually referred to as components and the external devices as ‘ peripherals’ 6. Central processing unit (CPU): or processor, is the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer

15. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 15 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 7. Circuit board: a thin rigid board containing thin lines of metals on the surface to create electric circuits 8. Motherboard or system board: The main printed circuit board of the computer; it has connectors that other circuit boards can be slotted into 9.Internal memory: data storage spaces that are accessible to the CPU

16. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 16 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 10. Graphic card: a printed circuit board that controls the output to a display screen or monitor 11. Sound card: a printed circuit board that controls output to speakers and headphones 12. Networks interface card (NIC): a printed circuit board that allows the computer to communicate with other devices over a compute network

17. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 17 PRACTICAL TASK 1.1 List all of the internal components and external devices of a computer that you know. Presentation Including images, of the following components with a sentence stating the function of each one: motherboard Processor/CPU Network interface card(NIC) Research and add a description of the different types of storage devices that are found in computers

18. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 18 Software However advanced or expensive the hardware of a computer system is, it cannot do anything unless it is told what to do. These instructions are provided by programs that together are called computer software. Software controls the operations of a computer or processing of electronic data.

19. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 19 Software There are 2 main types of software: Application software and System software

20. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 20 Software Applications Software: Which lets you do your day-to-day tasks on the computer. Applications software needs the operating system to be able to work with the computer.

21. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 21 Software System Software: Including the operating system and utilities software that are essential to keep the computer working.

22. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 22 KEY WORDS TO STUDY Applications software : programs that carry out operations for specific applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets or presentations. Applications software cannot run on its own without system software System software : system software provides the services that the computer requires to operate. This may be classified as the operating system and utility software

23. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 23 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 3. Operating system : The operating system is a collection of programs to control and manage all of the software and hardware of the computer system. 4. Utility software ( utilities ) : part of the system software that can alalyse , configure, optimize and maintain a computer to keep it working as well as possible.

24. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 24 Software Applications: Here are a few examples of applications software that you may use: Word processing applications are used to produce letters, reports, and memos Spreadsheet applications are used for tasks that involve calculations or graphs and charts

25. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 25 Software Applications: Database management programs are used to store and retrieve information in databases. Presentation applications are used to create slide shows and presentations. Graphics editing software is used to create artwork, or with photographs from a digital camera or a scanned image to edit the image.

26. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 26 Software Applications: Video editing software is used to produce and edit videos. Computer aided design (CAD) packages are used to produce detailed technical designs and plans. Audio production and editing programs are a common way of producing high quality music at low cost.

27. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 27 Software Applications: Communications software , such as web browsers and email programs, is used to access the internet and send and receive email. Control software is used to control devices such as fire alarms and mechanical devices. Measurement software is used to capture and log data from sensors, e.g temperature, pressure, light intensity.

28. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 28 Software Applications: An applet is small program that can perform one or a few simple tasks with HTML. App ( Which is short for application) is usually associated with use on a smartphone, tablet or other mobile device.

29. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 29 System software System software is required for the computer to function and operate efficiently. System software consists of utilities, also called utility software and the operating system .

30. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 30 System software System software includes the following: Compilers Linkers Device drivers Operating system Utilities

31. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 31 KEY WORDS TO STUDY Compilers : convert the program written by a human in high-level language into code that the microprocessor can understand- a series of 1s and 0s Linkers : take one or more of the files produced by the compiler and combines them into a program that the microprocessor can execute Device drivers : part of the operating system. Device drivers allow the processor to communicate with devices such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printer

32. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 32 Activity 1.2 Decide on a definition for a web-browser. List as many different internet browsers as you can think of.

33. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 33 Analogue vs Digital: Analogue : Represents data with continuous signals. Digital : Represents data with discrete binary values (0s and 1s).

34. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 34 Analogue Clock : The hands of an analogue clock move smoothly and continuously around the dial. Digital Clock : Displays time in discrete numbers, changing from one minute to the next without intermediate values.

35. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 35 In ICT, " analogue " refers to the continuous representation and transmission of information, as opposed to the discrete, binary nature of digital signals .

36. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 36 Analogue and Digital data The CPU or processor, which processes all of the data and instructions, contains billions of transistors that are connected together to form circuits.

37. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 37 Analogue and Digital data Transistors act as switches- like light switches They are either on when they transmit electricity or they are off when they do not. There is no in-between where different amounts of electricity are transmitted ( as in a dimmer switch, where there are an infinite number of states between fully off and fully on). It is all or nothing.

38. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 38 Analogue and Digital data Transistors act as switches- like light switches They are either on when they transmit electricity or they are off when they do not. There is no in-between where different amounts of electricity are transmitted ( as in a dimmer switch, where there are an infinite number of states between fully off and fully on). It is all or nothing.

39. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 39 Analogue and Digital data A system like this with separate states is said to be digital. In this case, there are only two states ( on and off) and the system is said to be binary. A system like the dimmer switch, where there is a continuous range between two values, is said to be analogue.

40. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 40 Analogue and Digital data If information is being transmitted by analogue methods, the sending and receiving system must be very accurate to distinguish the small differences. As there are only two states in the transistors of the CPU, they are represented by the digits of the binary number system, 1 ( for on) and 0 ( for off).

41. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 41 Analogue and Digital data All of the data and program instructions processed by a computer are streams of billions of 1s and 0s. These digits are called bits.

42. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 42 Analogue to digital conversion When we use computers, data has to be converted between analogue and digital forms. An example of the need to convert between analogue and digital data and back again is when we record music onto a computer, and then play it back again.

43. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 43 Analogue to digital conversion Sound is caused by vibrations travelling through the air. These vibrations cause changes to the air pressure and travel in waves.

44. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 44 Analogue to digital conversion The graphs show the continuous changes in the air pressure. If these are recorded as continuous changes of voltage, as when producing vinyl records and cassette tapes, the recording is said to be analogue.

45. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 45 Analogue to digital conversion Because the sound waves cannot be represented as a series of continuous changes on computer, snapshots of the waves are taken at regular intervals and then fitted together. This is called sampling and therefore a digital recording is not as accurate as an analogue one as some of the information is missing.

46. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 46 Analogue to digital conversion

47. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 47 Analogue to digital conversion The more samples taken per second, the more accurately the sound will be represented. For most recording this 44100 samples per second, although 96 000 is used for Blu-ray audio. Each sample has to be coded as a series of 1s and 0s and the more that are used, the more detail can be recorded. The digital recordings can then be edited and processed by a computer.

48. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 48 KEY WORDS TO STUDY process: carry out or execute the instructions Transistor: a device that regulates current or voltage low and acts as a switch for electronic signals Digital: information represented by certain fixed values rather than as a continuous range. Usually, data represented by the digits 1 and 0.

49. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 49 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 4. analogue: information represented by a quantity ( e.g an electric voltage or current) that is continuously variable. Changes in the information are indicated by changes in voltage 5. bit: short for binary digit, is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It has a single binary value, either 1 or 0.

50. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 50 KEY WORDS TO STUDY 6. Sample: making a physical measurement of a wave at set time intervals and converting those measurements to digital values. 7. Digital-to-analogue converter – a device used to convert digital signals into analogue ones 8. actuator: a device that causes a machine or other device to operate

51. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 51 Digital –to- analogue conversion In order for the digital sound to be listened to it must be converted back into analogue signals so it can be output through speakers or headphones. The technology used ot do this is a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC)

52. 14/Jun/2024 Mr. Thein Zaw Min Types and components of computer system 52 Are there any QUESTIONS for this chapter 1.1?